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Refactor "dump" sub-command (#30240) (#30260) 

Backport #30240 by wxiaoguang

Major changes:

* Move some functions like "addReader" / "isSubDir" /
"addRecursiveExclude" to a separate package, and add tests
* Clarify the filename&dump type logic and add tests
* Clarify the logger behavior and remove FIXME comments

Co-authored-by: wxiaoguang <wxiaoguang@gmail.com>
This commit is contained in:
Giteabot 2024-04-03 10:47:06 +08:00 committed by GitHub
parent 6bf6fa8de0
commit e8d5d5ed49
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: B5690EEEBB952194
6 changed files with 374 additions and 229 deletions
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286
cmd/dump.go
View File

@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ package cmd
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"path"
"path/filepath"
"strings"
"time"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/dump"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/json"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
@ -25,89 +24,17 @@ import (
"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
)
func addReader(w archiver.Writer, r io.ReadCloser, info os.FileInfo, customName string, verbose bool) error {
if verbose {
log.Info("Adding file %s", customName)
}
return w.Write(archiver.File{
FileInfo: archiver.FileInfo{
FileInfo: info,
CustomName: customName,
},
ReadCloser: r,
})
}
func addFile(w archiver.Writer, filePath, absPath string, verbose bool) error {
file, err := os.Open(absPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer file.Close()
fileInfo, err := file.Stat()
if err != nil {
return err
}
return addReader(w, file, fileInfo, filePath, verbose)
}
func isSubdir(upper, lower string) (bool, error) {
if relPath, err := filepath.Rel(upper, lower); err != nil {
return false, err
} else if relPath == "." || !strings.HasPrefix(relPath, ".") {
return true, nil
}
return false, nil
}
type outputType struct {
Enum []string
Default string
selected string
}
func (o outputType) Join() string {
return strings.Join(o.Enum, ", ")
}
func (o *outputType) Set(value string) error {
for _, enum := range o.Enum {
if enum == value {
o.selected = value
return nil
}
}
return fmt.Errorf("allowed values are %s", o.Join())
}
func (o outputType) String() string {
if o.selected == "" {
return o.Default
}
return o.selected
}
var outputTypeEnum = &outputType{
Enum: []string{"zip", "tar", "tar.sz", "tar.gz", "tar.xz", "tar.bz2", "tar.br", "tar.lz4", "tar.zst"},
Default: "zip",
}
// CmdDump represents the available dump sub-command.
var CmdDump = &cli.Command{
Name: "dump",
Usage: "Dump Gitea files and database",
Description: `Dump compresses all related files and database into zip file.
It can be used for backup and capture Gitea server image to send to maintainer`,
Description: `Dump compresses all related files and database into zip file. It can be used for backup and capture Gitea server image to send to maintainer`,
Action: runDump,
Flags: []cli.Flag{
&cli.StringFlag{
Name: "file",
Aliases: []string{"f"},
Value: fmt.Sprintf("gitea-dump-%d.zip", time.Now().Unix()),
Usage: "Name of the dump file which will be created. Supply '-' for stdout. See type for available types.",
Usage: `Name of the dump file which will be created, default to "gitea-dump-{time}.zip". Supply '-' for stdout. See type for available types.`,
},
&cli.BoolFlag{
Name: "verbose",
@ -160,64 +87,52 @@ It can be used for backup and capture Gitea server image to send to maintainer`,
Name: "skip-index",
Usage: "Skip bleve index data",
},
&cli.GenericFlag{
&cli.StringFlag{
Name: "type",
Value: outputTypeEnum,
Usage: fmt.Sprintf("Dump output format: %s", outputTypeEnum.Join()),
Usage: fmt.Sprintf(`Dump output format, default to "zip", supported types: %s`, strings.Join(dump.SupportedOutputTypes, ", ")),
},
},
}
func fatal(format string, args ...any) {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, format+"\n", args...)
log.Fatal(format, args...)
}
func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
var file *os.File
fileName := ctx.String("file")
outType := ctx.String("type")
if fileName == "-" {
file = os.Stdout
setupConsoleLogger(log.FATAL, log.CanColorStderr, os.Stderr)
} else {
for _, suffix := range outputTypeEnum.Enum {
if strings.HasSuffix(fileName, "."+suffix) {
fileName = strings.TrimSuffix(fileName, "."+suffix)
break
}
}
fileName += "." + outType
}
setting.MustInstalled()
// make sure we are logging to the console no matter what the configuration tells us do to
// FIXME: don't use CfgProvider directly
if _, err := setting.CfgProvider.Section("log").NewKey("MODE", "console"); err != nil {
fatal("Setting logging mode to console failed: %v", err)
}
if _, err := setting.CfgProvider.Section("log.console").NewKey("STDERR", "true"); err != nil {
fatal("Setting console logger to stderr failed: %v", err)
}
// Set loglevel to Warn if quiet-mode is requested
if ctx.Bool("quiet") {
if _, err := setting.CfgProvider.Section("log.console").NewKey("LEVEL", "Warn"); err != nil {
fatal("Setting console log-level failed: %v", err)
}
}
if !setting.InstallLock {
log.Error("Is '%s' really the right config path?\n", setting.CustomConf)
return fmt.Errorf("gitea is not initialized")
}
setting.LoadSettings() // cannot access session settings otherwise
quite := ctx.Bool("quiet")
verbose := ctx.Bool("verbose")
if verbose && ctx.Bool("quiet") {
return fmt.Errorf("--quiet and --verbose cannot both be set")
if verbose && quite {
fatal("Option --quiet and --verbose cannot both be set")
}
// outFileName is either "-" or a file name (will be made absolute)
outFileName, outType := dump.PrepareFileNameAndType(ctx.String("file"), ctx.String("type"))
if outType == "" {
fatal("Invalid output type")
}
outFile := os.Stdout
if outFileName != "-" {
var err error
if outFileName, err = filepath.Abs(outFileName); err != nil {
fatal("Unable to get absolute path of dump file: %v", err)
}
if exist, _ := util.IsExist(outFileName); exist {
fatal("Dump file %q exists", outFileName)
}
if outFile, err = os.Create(outFileName); err != nil {
fatal("Unable to create dump file %q: %v", outFileName, err)
}
defer outFile.Close()
}
setupConsoleLogger(util.Iif(quite, log.WARN, log.INFO), log.CanColorStderr, os.Stderr)
setting.DisableLoggerInit()
setting.LoadSettings() // cannot access session settings otherwise
stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
defer cancel()
@ -226,44 +141,32 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
return err
}
if err := storage.Init(); err != nil {
if err = storage.Init(); err != nil {
return err
}
if file == nil {
file, err = os.Create(fileName)
if err != nil {
fatal("Unable to open %s: %v", fileName, err)
}
}
defer file.Close()
absFileName, err := filepath.Abs(fileName)
if err != nil {
return err
}
var iface any
if fileName == "-" {
iface, err = archiver.ByExtension(fmt.Sprintf(".%s", outType))
} else {
iface, err = archiver.ByExtension(fileName)
}
archiverGeneric, err := archiver.ByExtension("." + outType)
if err != nil {
fatal("Unable to get archiver for extension: %v", err)
}
w, _ := iface.(archiver.Writer)
if err := w.Create(file); err != nil {
archiverWriter := archiverGeneric.(archiver.Writer)
if err := archiverWriter.Create(outFile); err != nil {
fatal("Creating archiver.Writer failed: %v", err)
}
defer w.Close()
defer archiverWriter.Close()
dumper := &dump.Dumper{
Writer: archiverWriter,
Verbose: verbose,
}
dumper.GlobalExcludeAbsPath(outFileName)
if ctx.IsSet("skip-repository") && ctx.Bool("skip-repository") {
log.Info("Skip dumping local repositories")
} else {
log.Info("Dumping local repositories... %s", setting.RepoRootPath)
if err := addRecursiveExclude(w, "repos", setting.RepoRootPath, []string{absFileName}, verbose); err != nil {
if err := dumper.AddRecursiveExclude("repos", setting.RepoRootPath, nil); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to include repositories: %v", err)
}
@ -276,8 +179,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
if err != nil {
return err
}
return addReader(w, object, info, path.Join("data", "lfs", objPath), verbose)
return dumper.AddReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "lfs", objPath))
}); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to dump LFS objects: %v", err)
}
@ -310,24 +212,22 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
fatal("Failed to dump database: %v", err)
}
if err := addFile(w, "gitea-db.sql", dbDump.Name(), verbose); err != nil {
if err = dumper.AddFile("gitea-db.sql", dbDump.Name()); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to include gitea-db.sql: %v", err)
}
if len(setting.CustomConf) > 0 {
log.Info("Adding custom configuration file from %s", setting.CustomConf)
if err := addFile(w, "app.ini", setting.CustomConf, verbose); err != nil {
if err = dumper.AddFile("app.ini", setting.CustomConf); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to include specified app.ini: %v", err)
}
}
if ctx.IsSet("skip-custom-dir") && ctx.Bool("skip-custom-dir") {
log.Info("Skipping custom directory")
} else {
customDir, err := os.Stat(setting.CustomPath)
if err == nil && customDir.IsDir() {
if is, _ := isSubdir(setting.AppDataPath, setting.CustomPath); !is {
if err := addRecursiveExclude(w, "custom", setting.CustomPath, []string{absFileName}, verbose); err != nil {
if is, _ := dump.IsSubdir(setting.AppDataPath, setting.CustomPath); !is {
if err := dumper.AddRecursiveExclude("custom", setting.CustomPath, nil); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to include custom: %v", err)
}
} else {
@ -364,8 +264,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
excludes = append(excludes, setting.Attachment.Storage.Path)
excludes = append(excludes, setting.Packages.Storage.Path)
excludes = append(excludes, setting.Log.RootPath)
excludes = append(excludes, absFileName)
if err := addRecursiveExclude(w, "data", setting.AppDataPath, excludes, verbose); err != nil {
if err := dumper.AddRecursiveExclude("data", setting.AppDataPath, excludes); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to include data directory: %v", err)
}
}
@ -377,8 +276,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
if err != nil {
return err
}
return addReader(w, object, info, path.Join("data", "attachments", objPath), verbose)
return dumper.AddReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "attachments", objPath))
}); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to dump attachments: %v", err)
}
@ -392,8 +290,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
if err != nil {
return err
}
return addReader(w, object, info, path.Join("data", "packages", objPath), verbose)
return dumper.AddReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "packages", objPath))
}); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to dump packages: %v", err)
}
@ -409,80 +306,23 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
log.Error("Unable to check if %s exists. Error: %v", setting.Log.RootPath, err)
}
if isExist {
if err := addRecursiveExclude(w, "log", setting.Log.RootPath, []string{absFileName}, verbose); err != nil {
if err := dumper.AddRecursiveExclude("log", setting.Log.RootPath, nil); err != nil {
fatal("Failed to include log: %v", err)
}
}
}
if fileName != "-" {
if err = w.Close(); err != nil {
_ = util.Remove(fileName)
fatal("Failed to save %s: %v", fileName, err)
if outFileName == "-" {
log.Info("Finish dumping to stdout")
} else {
if err = archiverWriter.Close(); err != nil {
_ = os.Remove(outFileName)
fatal("Failed to save %q: %v", outFileName, err)
}
if err := os.Chmod(fileName, 0o600); err != nil {
if err = os.Chmod(outFileName, 0o600); err != nil {
log.Info("Can't change file access permissions mask to 0600: %v", err)
}
}
if fileName != "-" {
log.Info("Finish dumping in file %s", fileName)
} else {
log.Info("Finish dumping to stdout")
}
return nil
}
// addRecursiveExclude zips absPath to specified insidePath inside writer excluding excludeAbsPath
func addRecursiveExclude(w archiver.Writer, insidePath, absPath string, excludeAbsPath []string, verbose bool) error {
absPath, err := filepath.Abs(absPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
dir, err := os.Open(absPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer dir.Close()
files, err := dir.Readdir(0)
if err != nil {
return err
}
for _, file := range files {
currentAbsPath := filepath.Join(absPath, file.Name())
currentInsidePath := path.Join(insidePath, file.Name())
if file.IsDir() {
if !util.SliceContainsString(excludeAbsPath, currentAbsPath) {
if err := addFile(w, currentInsidePath, currentAbsPath, false); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = addRecursiveExclude(w, currentInsidePath, currentAbsPath, excludeAbsPath, verbose); err != nil {
return err
}
}
} else {
// only copy regular files and symlink regular files, skip non-regular files like socket/pipe/...
shouldAdd := file.Mode().IsRegular()
if !shouldAdd && file.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink == os.ModeSymlink {
target, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(currentAbsPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
targetStat, err := os.Stat(target)
if err != nil {
return err
}
shouldAdd = targetStat.Mode().IsRegular()
}
if shouldAdd {
if err = addFile(w, currentInsidePath, currentAbsPath, verbose); err != nil {
return err
}
}
}
log.Info("Finish dumping in file %s", outFileName)
}
return nil
}

174
modules/dump/dumper.go Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
// Copyright 2024 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
package dump
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"path"
"path/filepath"
"slices"
"strings"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
"github.com/mholt/archiver/v3"
)
var SupportedOutputTypes = []string{"zip", "tar", "tar.sz", "tar.gz", "tar.xz", "tar.bz2", "tar.br", "tar.lz4", "tar.zst"}
// PrepareFileNameAndType prepares the output file name and type, if the type is not supported, it returns an empty "outType"
func PrepareFileNameAndType(argFile, argType string) (outFileName, outType string) {
if argFile == "" && argType == "" {
outType = SupportedOutputTypes[0]
outFileName = fmt.Sprintf("gitea-dump-%d.%s", timeutil.TimeStampNow(), outType)
} else if argFile == "" {
outType = argType
outFileName = fmt.Sprintf("gitea-dump-%d.%s", timeutil.TimeStampNow(), outType)
} else if argType == "" {
if filepath.Ext(outFileName) == "" {
outType = SupportedOutputTypes[0]
outFileName = argFile
} else {
for _, t := range SupportedOutputTypes {
if strings.HasSuffix(argFile, "."+t) {
outFileName = argFile
outType = t
}
}
}
} else {
outFileName, outType = argFile, argType
}
if !slices.Contains(SupportedOutputTypes, outType) {
return "", ""
}
return outFileName, outType
}
func IsSubdir(upper, lower string) (bool, error) {
if relPath, err := filepath.Rel(upper, lower); err != nil {
return false, err
} else if relPath == "." || !strings.HasPrefix(relPath, ".") {
return true, nil
}
return false, nil
}
type Dumper struct {
Writer archiver.Writer
Verbose bool
globalExcludeAbsPaths []string
}
func (dumper *Dumper) AddReader(r io.ReadCloser, info os.FileInfo, customName string) error {
if dumper.Verbose {
log.Info("Adding file %s", customName)
}
return dumper.Writer.Write(archiver.File{
FileInfo: archiver.FileInfo{
FileInfo: info,
CustomName: customName,
},
ReadCloser: r,
})
}
func (dumper *Dumper) AddFile(filePath, absPath string) error {
file, err := os.Open(absPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer file.Close()
fileInfo, err := file.Stat()
if err != nil {
return err
}
return dumper.AddReader(file, fileInfo, filePath)
}
func (dumper *Dumper) normalizeFilePath(absPath string) string {
absPath = filepath.Clean(absPath)
if setting.IsWindows {
absPath = strings.ToLower(absPath)
}
return absPath
}
func (dumper *Dumper) GlobalExcludeAbsPath(absPaths ...string) {
for _, absPath := range absPaths {
dumper.globalExcludeAbsPaths = append(dumper.globalExcludeAbsPaths, dumper.normalizeFilePath(absPath))
}
}
func (dumper *Dumper) shouldExclude(absPath string, excludes []string) bool {
norm := dumper.normalizeFilePath(absPath)
return slices.Contains(dumper.globalExcludeAbsPaths, norm) || slices.Contains(excludes, norm)
}
func (dumper *Dumper) AddRecursiveExclude(insidePath, absPath string, excludes []string) error {
excludes = slices.Clone(excludes)
for i := range excludes {
excludes[i] = dumper.normalizeFilePath(excludes[i])
}
return dumper.addFileOrDir(insidePath, absPath, excludes)
}
func (dumper *Dumper) addFileOrDir(insidePath, absPath string, excludes []string) error {
absPath, err := filepath.Abs(absPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
dir, err := os.Open(absPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer dir.Close()
files, err := dir.Readdir(0)
if err != nil {
return err
}
for _, file := range files {
currentAbsPath := filepath.Join(absPath, file.Name())
if dumper.shouldExclude(currentAbsPath, excludes) {
continue
}
currentInsidePath := path.Join(insidePath, file.Name())
if file.IsDir() {
if err := dumper.AddFile(currentInsidePath, currentAbsPath); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = dumper.addFileOrDir(currentInsidePath, currentAbsPath, excludes); err != nil {
return err
}
} else {
// only copy regular files and symlink regular files, skip non-regular files like socket/pipe/...
shouldAdd := file.Mode().IsRegular()
if !shouldAdd && file.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink == os.ModeSymlink {
target, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(currentAbsPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
targetStat, err := os.Stat(target)
if err != nil {
return err
}
shouldAdd = targetStat.Mode().IsRegular()
}
if shouldAdd {
if err = dumper.AddFile(currentInsidePath, currentAbsPath); err != nil {
return err
}
}
}
}
return nil
}

113
modules/dump/dumper_test.go Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
// Copyright 2024 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
package dump
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"sort"
"testing"
"time"
"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
"github.com/mholt/archiver/v3"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
func TestPrepareFileNameAndType(t *testing.T) {
defer timeutil.MockSet(time.Unix(1234, 0))()
test := func(argFile, argType, expFile, expType string) {
outFile, outType := PrepareFileNameAndType(argFile, argType)
assert.Equal(t,
fmt.Sprintf("outFile=%s, outType=%s", expFile, expType),
fmt.Sprintf("outFile=%s, outType=%s", outFile, outType),
fmt.Sprintf("argFile=%s, argType=%s", argFile, argType),
)
}
test("", "", "gitea-dump-1234.zip", "zip")
test("", "tar.gz", "gitea-dump-1234.tar.gz", "tar.gz")
test("", "no-such", "", "")
test("-", "", "-", "zip")
test("-", "tar.gz", "-", "tar.gz")
test("-", "no-such", "", "")
test("a", "", "a", "zip")
test("a", "tar.gz", "a", "tar.gz")
test("a", "no-such", "", "")
test("a.zip", "", "a.zip", "zip")
test("a.zip", "tar.gz", "a.zip", "tar.gz")
test("a.zip", "no-such", "", "")
test("a.tar.gz", "", "a.tar.gz", "zip")
test("a.tar.gz", "tar.gz", "a.tar.gz", "tar.gz")
test("a.tar.gz", "no-such", "", "")
}
func TestIsSubDir(t *testing.T) {
tmpDir := t.TempDir()
_ = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/sub"), 0o755)
isSub, err := IsSubdir(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include"), filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include"))
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.True(t, isSub)
isSub, err = IsSubdir(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include"), filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/sub"))
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.True(t, isSub)
isSub, err = IsSubdir(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/sub"), filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include"))
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.False(t, isSub)
}
type testWriter struct {
added []string
}
func (t *testWriter) Create(out io.Writer) error {
return nil
}
func (t *testWriter) Write(f archiver.File) error {
t.added = append(t.added, f.Name())
return nil
}
func (t *testWriter) Close() error {
return nil
}
func TestDumper(t *testing.T) {
sortStrings := func(s []string) []string {
sort.Strings(s)
return s
}
tmpDir := t.TempDir()
_ = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/exclude1"), 0o755)
_ = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/exclude2"), 0o755)
_ = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/sub"), 0o755)
_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/a"), nil, 0o644)
_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/sub/b"), nil, 0o644)
_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/exclude1/a-1"), nil, 0o644)
_ = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/exclude2/a-2"), nil, 0o644)
tw := &testWriter{}
d := &Dumper{Writer: tw}
d.GlobalExcludeAbsPath(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/exclude1"))
err := d.AddRecursiveExclude("include", filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include"), []string{filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include/exclude2")})
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.EqualValues(t, sortStrings([]string{"include/a", "include/sub", "include/sub/b"}), sortStrings(tw.added))
tw = &testWriter{}
d = &Dumper{Writer: tw}
err = d.AddRecursiveExclude("include", filepath.Join(tmpDir, "include"), nil)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.EqualValues(t, sortStrings([]string{"include/exclude2", "include/exclude2/a-2", "include/a", "include/sub", "include/sub/b", "include/exclude1", "include/exclude1/a-1"}), sortStrings(tw.added))
}

9
modules/setting/log.go
View File

@ -185,8 +185,13 @@ func InitLoggersForTest() {
initAllLoggers()
}
var initLoggerDisabled bool
// initAllLoggers creates all the log services
func initAllLoggers() {
if initLoggerDisabled {
return
}
initManagedLoggers(log.GetManager(), CfgProvider)
golog.SetFlags(0)
@ -194,6 +199,10 @@ func initAllLoggers() {
golog.SetOutput(log.LoggerToWriter(log.GetLogger(log.DEFAULT).Info))
}
func DisableLoggerInit() {
initLoggerDisabled = true
}
func initManagedLoggers(manager *log.LoggerManager, cfg ConfigProvider) {
loadLogGlobalFrom(cfg)
prepareLoggerConfig(cfg)

3
modules/timeutil/timestamp.go
View File

@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ var (
)
// MockSet sets the time to a mocked time.Time
func MockSet(now time.Time) {
func MockSet(now time.Time) func() {
mockNow = now
return MockUnset
}
// MockUnset will unset the mocked time.Time

8
modules/util/util.go
View File

@ -213,6 +213,14 @@ func ToPointer[T any](val T) *T {
return &val
}
// Iif is an "inline-if", it returns "trueVal" if "condition" is true, otherwise "falseVal"
func Iif[T comparable](condition bool, trueVal, falseVal T) T {
if condition {
return trueVal
}
return falseVal
}
// IfZero returns "def" if "v" is a zero value, otherwise "v"
func IfZero[T comparable](v, def T) T {
var zero T