gparted/help/C/gparted.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY appversion "0.8.0">
  <!ENTITY manrevision "1.3">
  <!ENTITY date "January 2011">
  <!ENTITY app "gparted">
  <!ENTITY appname "GParted">
  <!-- Information about the entities:
       Use the appversion entity to specify the version of the application.
       Use the manrevision entity to specify the revision number of this manual.
       Use the date entity to specify the release date of this manual.
       Use the app entity to specify the command name of the application.
       Use the appname entity to specify the formal name of the application.
  -->
]>

<!-- Remember to update the revision history -->

<!--
      To generate a single html file of this document, use the command:
        xmlto html-nochunks gparted.xml

      To test this document in a viewer, use the command:
        gnome-help file:/full-path-to-gparted.xml
 -->

<!-- ============= Document Header =================================== -->
<?db.chunk.max_depth 4?>
<article id="gparted" lang="en">
<!-- Please do not change the id. -->
<!-- For translations, change lang to appropriate code -->
  <articleinfo>
    <title>&appname; Manual</title>
    <publisher>
      <publishername>&appname; Project</publishername>
    </publisher>

    <abstract role="description">
      <para>
      &appname; is the Gnome Partition Editor for creating,
      reorganizing, and deleting disk partitions.
      &appname; enables you to change the partition organization while preserving
      the partition contents.
      </para>
    </abstract>

    <copyright>
      <year>2008, 2009, 2010, 2011</year>
      <holder>Curtis Gedak</holder>
    </copyright>

<!-- translators: uncomment this:
    <copyright>
      <year>2009</year>
      <holder>ME-THE-TRANSLATOR (Latin translation)</holder>
    </copyright>
-->

    <legalnotice>
      <para>
      Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
      under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
      or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
      with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
      Texts.  You can find a copy of the GFDL at this
      <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:fdl">link</ulink> or at
      <ulink type="http" url="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/fdl.html"/>
      or in the file COPYING-DOCS distributed with this manual.
      </para>
    </legalnotice>

    <authorgroup>
      <author role="maintainer">
        <firstname>Curtis</firstname>
        <surname>Gedak</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <orgname>&appname; Project</orgname>
          <address>
            <email>gedakc@users.sf.net</email>
          </address>
        </affiliation>
      </author>

<!-- This is appropriate place for other contributors: translators,
     maintainers,  etc. Commented out by default.
      <othercredit role="translator">
        <firstname>Latin</firstname>
        <surname>Translator 1</surname>
        <affiliation>
          <orgname>Latin Translation Team</orgname>
          <address> <email>translator@gnome.org</email> </address>
        </affiliation>
        <contrib>Latin translation</contrib>
      </othercredit>
-->
    </authorgroup>

<!-- According to GNU FDL, revision history is mandatory if you are -->
<!-- modifying/reusing someone else's document.  If not, you can omit it. -->
    <revhistory>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>&appname; Manual V1.3</revnumber>
        <date>January 2011</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher">&appname; Project</para>
          <para role="annotations">Describes version 0.8.0 of &appname;</para>
        </revdescription> 
      </revision>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>&appname; Manual V1.2</revnumber>
        <date>June 2010</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher">&appname; Project</para>
          <para role="annotations">Describes version 0.6.0 of &appname;</para>
        </revdescription> 
      </revision>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>&appname; Manual V1.1</revnumber>
        <date>July 2009</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher">&appname; Project</para>
          <para role="annotations">Describes version 0.4.6 of &appname;</para>
        </revdescription> 
      </revision>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>&appname; Manual V1.0</revnumber>
        <date>January 2009</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher">&appname; Project</para>
          <para role="annotations">Describes version 0.4.2 of &appname;</para>
        </revdescription> 
      </revision>
      <revision>
        <revnumber>&appname; Manual V0.3.9</revnumber>
        <date>September 2008</date>
        <revdescription>
          <para role="author">Curtis Gedak</para>
          <para role="publisher">&appname; Project</para>
          <para role="annotations">Describes version 0.3.9 of &appname;</para>
        </revdescription> 
      </revision>
    </revhistory>

    <releaseinfo>
    This manual describes version &appversion; of &appname;
    </releaseinfo>

    <legalnotice>
      <title>Feedback</title>
      <para>
      To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding the
      <application>&app;</application> application or this manual,
      follow the directions at
      <ulink type="http" url="http://gparted.org/bugs.php"/>.
      </para>
<!-- Translators may also add here feedback address for translations -->
    </legalnotice>

  </articleinfo>

<!-- ============= Document Body ===================================== -->
<!-- ============= Introduction ====================================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-introduction">
    <title>Introduction</title>
    <para>
    The <application>&app;</application> application is the GNOME partition
    editor for creating, reorganizing, and deleting disk partitions.
    </para>
    <para>
    A disk device can be subdivided into one or more partitions.
    The <application>&app;</application> application enables you to
    change the partition organization on a disk device while
    preserving the contents of the partition.
    </para>
    <para>
    With <application>&app;</application> you can accomplish the following
    tasks:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Create a partition table on a disk device.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Enable and disable partition flags such as boot and hidden.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Perform actions with partitions such as create, delete,
          resize, move, check, label, copy, and paste.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <caution>
      <para>
      Editing partitions has the potential to cause LOSS of DATA.
      </para>
      <para>
      The <application>&app;</application> application is
      designed to enable you to edit partitions while
      reducing the risk of data loss.
      The application is carefully tested and is used
      by the &appname; project team.
      However, loss of data might occur due to software bugs,
      hardware problems, or power failure.
      </para>
      <para>
      You can help to reduce the risk of data loss by
      not mounting or unmounting partitions outside of
      the <application>&app;</application> application while
      <application>&app;</application> is running.
      </para>
      <para>
      You are advised to BACKUP your DATA before using
      the <application>&app;</application> application.
      </para>
    </caution>
  </sect1>
  
<!-- ============= Getting Started =================================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-getting-started">
    <title>Getting Started</title>
    <para>
    </para>

<!-- ============= To Start gparted ================================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-to-start">
      <title>Starting &app;</title>
      <para>
      You can start <application>&app;</application> in the following ways:
      </para>
      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Choose <menuchoice><guisubmenu>System Tools</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>GParted Partition Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Command line</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Execute the following command: <command>&app;</command>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
      On startup, <application>&app;</application> will scan your
      computer for disk devices.
      </para>
	</sect2>

<!-- ============= When You Start gparted ============================ -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-when-you-start">

      <title>The &app; Window</title>
      <para>
      When you start <application>&app;</application>, the following
      window is displayed:
      </para>

      <!-- ==== Figure ==== -->
      <!-- The GNOME Documentation Project recommends a maximum image
           width of 510 pixels.
           http://library.gnome.org/devel/gdp-style-guide/stable/screenshot-4.html.en
      -->
      <figure id="gparted-window">
        <title>&app; Window</title>
        <screenshot>
          <mediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="figures/gparted_window.png" format="PNG"/>
              </imageobject>
            <textobject>
              <phrase>Shows &app; main window.</phrase>
            </textobject>
          </mediaobject>
        </screenshot>
      </figure>

      <para>
      The <application>&app;</application> window contains the following
      elements:
      </para>
      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Menubar</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands you need
            to work with disk devices and partitions in
            <application>&app;</application>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Toolbar</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            The toolbar contains a subset of the commands that you can
            access from the menubar.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Graphic Display Area</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            The graphic display area contains the visual representation
            of the partitions on the selected disk device.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Text Display Area</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            The text display area contains the text list
            of the partitions on the selected disk device.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Statusbar</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            The statusbar displays information about current
            <application>&app;</application> activity or the 
            number of operations pending.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Device Information Pane</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            The device information pane displays details about the selected
            disk device.
            </para>
            <para>
            By default the device information pane is not shown.
            To show the device information pane, choose
            <menuchoice><guimenu>View</guimenu><guimenuitem>Device Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>Pending Operations Pane</term>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            The pending operations pane displays the current list of 
            partition operations in the queue.
            </para>
            <para>
            By default the pending operations pane is not shown when there
            are 0 pending operations.
            To show the pending operations pane, choose
            <menuchoice><guimenu>View</guimenu><guimenuitem>Pending Operations</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
      <para>
      When you left-click in either display area, you select a partition
      to use for partition editing actions.
      </para>
      <para>
      When you right-click in either display area, the application displays
      a popup menu.
      The popup menu contains the most common partition editing actions.
      </para>

      <para>Like other GNOME applications, actions in
      <application>&app;</application> can be performed in several ways:
      with the menu, with the toolbar, or with shortcut keys.
      </para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Specify Devices on the Command Line ============ -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-run-from-cmd-line">
      <title>Running &app; from a Command Line</title>
      <para>
      You can run <application>&app;</application> from a command line
      and specify one or more disk devices.
      </para>
      <para>
      To work with multiple disk devices from a command line, type the following
      command, then press <keycap>Enter</keycap>:
      </para>
      <para>
      <screen><prompt>$ </prompt><command>&app; <replaceable>/path-to-your-device1 /path-to-your-device2</replaceable></command></screen>
      </para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Usage ============================================= -->
<!-- ============= Viewing File System Support ======================= -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-usage">
    <title>Viewing File System Support</title>
      <para>
      To view the actions supported on file systems, choose:
      <menuchoice><guimenu>View</guimenu><guimenuitem>File System Support</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
      The application displays the <guilabel>File System Support</guilabel>
      dialog.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          To view details about the chart, click <guibutton>Legend</guibutton>.
          The application displays more information about the chart.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          If you have installed software while
          <application>&app;</application> is running,
          click <guibutton>Rescan For Supported Actions</guibutton>
          to refresh the chart.
          The application refreshes the display of the chart.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
      To close the <guilabel>File System Support</guilabel> dialog,
      click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>.
      </para>
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Working With Devices ============================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-devices">
    <title>Working with Devices</title>

<!-- ============= To Select a Device ================================ -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-select-device">
      <title>Selecting a Device</title>
      <para>
      To select a disk device, choose:
      <menuchoice><guimenu>GParted</guimenu><guimenuitem>Devices</guimenuitem></menuchoice>
      and select a device from the list.
      The application displays the device partition layout in the
      <application>&app;</application> window.
      </para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To View Device Information ======================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-view-device-information">
      <title>Viewing Device Information</title>
      <para>
        To view information about a disk device: 
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Select a disk device.
            See <xref linkend="gparted-select-device"/>.
           </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Select:
            <menuchoice><guimenu>View</guimenu><guimenuitem>Device Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            The application opens a side pane in the
            <application>&app;</application> window
            and displays information about the device.
           </para>
         </listitem>
       </orderedlist>
      </para>
      <para>
      To close the <guilabel>Device Information</guilabel> side pane,
      deselect:
      <menuchoice><guimenu>View</guimenu><guimenuitem>Device Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
      </para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Refresh a Device =============================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-refresh-device">
      <title>Refreshing All Devices</title>
      <para>
      To refresh all disk devices, choose:
      <menuchoice><guimenu>GParted</guimenu><guimenuitem>Refresh Devices</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
      The application rescans all the disk devices and refreshes the device
      partition layout in the <application>&app;</application> window.
      </para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Create a New Partition Table =================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-create-partition-table">
      <title>Creating a New Partition Table</title>
      <para>
      To create a new partition table on a disk device:
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Select a disk device.
            See <xref linkend="gparted-select-device"/>.
           </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Choose:
            <menuchoice><guimenu>Device</guimenu><guimenuitem>Create Partition Table</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            The application displays a
            <guilabel>Create partition table on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable></guilabel>
            dialog.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            If you want a partition table other than msdos, click
            <guibutton>Advanced</guibutton> and select a partition table type
            from the list.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> to create the new partition table.
            The application writes the new partition table to the disk device.
            The application refreshes the device partition layout in the
            <application>&app;</application> window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </para>
      <caution>
        <para>
        WARNING:  This will ERASE ALL DATA on the ENTIRE DISK DEVICE.
        </para>
        <para>
        If you accidentally overwrite your partition table, see
        <xref linkend="gparted-recover-partition-table"/>.
        </para>
      </caution>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= To Attempt Data Rescue =================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-attempt-data-rescue">
      <title>Attempting Data Rescue</title>
      <para>
      To attempt data rescue from a disk device:
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Select a disk device.
            See <xref linkend="gparted-select-device"/>.
           </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Choose:
            <menuchoice><guimenu>Device</guimenu><guimenuitem>Attempt Data Rescue</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
            The application displays a
            <guilabel>Search for file systems on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable></guilabel>
            dialog.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to start the full disk scan.
            </para>
            <tip>
              <para>
              Large disk devices can take a very long time to scan.
              If you do not have the time to wait for a full disk scan
              then click <guibutton>Cancel</guibutton>.
              </para>
            </tip>
            <note>
              <para>
              A maximum of 4 partitions with file systems might be
              discovered.  If you want to discover more than 4
              partitions and restore the partition table, see
              <xref linkend="gparted-recover-partition-table"/>.
              </para>
            </note>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            When the full disk scan completes one of two possible
            dialogs is displayed:
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  <guilabel>No file systems found
                  on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable>
                  </guilabel>
                  </para>
                  <para>
                  If no file systems are found, you have other options
                  to try to rescue your data.
                  The <application>photorec</application> application
                  is designed to help recover many different types of
                  lost files.  For more information
                  about <application>photorec</application>, see
                  <ulink type="http"
                  url="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/PhotoRec"/>.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                  Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to close the dialog
                  box, and end this attempt to rescue data.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  <guilabel>File systems found
                  on <replaceable>/path-to-device</replaceable>
                  </guilabel>
                  </para>
                  <para>
                  If file systems are found, each file system is
                  displayed in a list along with
                  a <guibutton>View</guibutton> button.  The dialog
                  will indicate if there are data inconsistencies.
                  Inconsistencies in the data might prevent you from
                  viewing the data.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            To rescue data, use the following steps for each file system:
              <orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Click <guibutton>View</guibutton> to mount and display
                  the file system.  Your default file manager is opened
                  and displays a read-only view of the file system.
                  </para>
                  <note>
                    <para>
                    If the dialog <guilabel>Unable to open the default
                    file manager</guilabel> is displayed, then you
                    will need to open a file manager and navigate to
                    the mount point for the file system.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    The mount point is shown in the dialog, for
                    example "/tmp/gparted-roview-XXXXXX".
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to close the
                    <guilabel>Unable to open the
                    default file manager</guilabel> dialog.
                    </para>
                  </note>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Use the file manager to copy your data to other
                  storage media.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  When you are finished copying your data, close the
                  file manager.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </orderedlist>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            When you are finished rescuing data,
            click <guibutton>Close</guibutton> to end this attempt to
            rescue data.  The application umounts any file systems
            that were mounted for viewing.  Then the application
            rescans all the disk devices and refreshes the device
            partition layout in the <application>&app;</application>
            window.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </para>
    </sect2>

  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Working with Partitions =========================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-partitions">
    <title>Working with Partitions</title>

<!-- ============= Basic Partition Actions =========================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-basic-partition-actions">
      <title>Basic Partition Actions</title>
      <para>
      These actions will not alter partitions on your disk device.
      </para>

<!-- ============= To Select a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-select-partition">
        <title>Selecting a Partition</title>
        <para>
        To select a partition, use one of the following:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click on a partition in the graphic display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click on a partition in the text display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
        The application highlights the partition in both the graphic
        display area and the text display area in the
        <application>&app;</application> window.
        </para>
        <note>
          <para>
          Partition operations such as delete, resize, move, copy,
          format, check, and label require the partition to be 
          unmounted.
          See <xref linkend="gparted-unmount-partition"/>.
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Select Unallocated Space ======================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-select-unallocated">
        <title>Selecting Unallocated Space</title>
        <para>
        To select unallocated space, use one of the following:
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click on <guilabel>unallocated</guilabel> in the graphic display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click on <guilabel>unallocated</guilabel> in the text display area.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
        The application highlights the unallocated space in both the graphic
        display area and the text display area in the
        <application>&app;</application> window.
        </para>
        <tip>
          <para>
          If you do not have any disk devices with unallocated space,
          you might try the following:
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Add a new disk device to your computer.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Shrink a partition that contains unused space.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-resize-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To View Partition Information ===================== -->
    <sect3 id="gparted-view-partition-information">
        <title>Viewing Partition Information</title>
        <para>
        To view information about a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select a partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application opens an <guilabel>Information about
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
        To close the <guilabel>Information about
        <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog,
        click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>.
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Mount a Partition ============================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-mount-partition">
        <title>Mounting a Partition</title>
        <para>
        To mount a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Mount</guimenuitem></menuchoice>
              and select a mount point from the list.
              The application mounts the partition on the mount point and
              refreshes the device partition layout in the
              <application>&app;</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <note>
          <para>
          If
          <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Mount</guimenuitem></menuchoice>
          is not visible, then <application>&app;</application>
          does not know where the partition should be mounted.
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Unmount a Partition ============================ -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-unmount-partition">
        <title>Unmounting a Partition</title>
        <para>
        To unmount a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select a mounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Unmount</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application unmounts the partition from the mount point and
              refreshes the device partition layout in the
              <application>&app;</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <tip>
          <para>
          If
          <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Unmount</guimenuitem></menuchoice>
          does not succeed, then the partition is probably in use.
          </para>
          <para>
          To have all partitions unmounted and available for
          partition editing actions, boot from a Live CD and 
          use <application>&app;</application>.
          See <xref linkend="gparted-acquire-livecd"/>
          </para>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

    </sect2>
<!-- ============= End of Basic Partition Actions ==================== -->

<!-- ============= Intermediate Partition Actions ==================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-intermediate-partition-actions">
      <title>Intermediate Partition Actions</title>
      <para>
      These actions will alter partitions on your disk device.
      These actions will not modify the start or end boundaries
      of your existing partitions.
      </para>

<!-- ============= Creating a New Partition ========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-create-new-partition">
        <title>Creating a New Partition</title>
        <para>
        To create a new partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unallocated space on the disk device.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-unallocated"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>New</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the <guilabel>Create new Partition</guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Specify the size and the location for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Specify the alignment for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Specify the type of partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-type"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Specify the type of file system for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-file-system"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Specify the label for the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-label"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click <guibutton>Add</guibutton> to add the create partition
              operation to the operation queue.
              The application displays the create partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane
              in the <application>&app;</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para> 
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Delete a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-delete-partition">
        <title>Deleting a Partition</title>
        <para>
        To delete a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Delete</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the delete partition operation in
              the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <caution>
          <para>
          If you delete a logical partition, then all existing logical
          partitions after the deleted logical partition will
          experience changes in device names.
          </para>
          <para>
          For example, an extended partition contains four logical
          partitions A, B, C, and D.  These logical partitions are accessed by the
          operating system as follows:
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Partition A as /dev/sda5.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Partition B as /dev/sda6.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Partition C as /dev/sda7.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Partition D as /dev/sda8.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
          If partition B is deleted, then the remaining logical
          partitions will be accessed by the operating system as follows:
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Partition A as /dev/sda5.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Partition C as /dev/sda6.  Note the change in device name.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Partition D as /dev/sda7.  Note the change in device name.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
          Changes in a device name can cause problems if a
          partition is mounted using a device name.
          You can avoid the problem by using the label or 
          the Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) of
          the partition when mounting the partition.
          </para>
          <para>
          Changes in a device name might adversely affect the
          following files:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                /etc/fstab - Contains a list of file systems to mount.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                /boot/grub/menu.lst - Contains operating system boot
                instructions for the <application>grub</application>
                boot loader.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </caution>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Format a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-format-partition">
        <title>Formatting a Partition</title>
        <para>
        To format a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Format to</guimenuitem></menuchoice>,
              and select a type of file system from the list.
              The application displays the format partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Operations Pending</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Set a Partition Label ========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-setting-partition-label">
        <title>Setting a Partition Label</title>
        <para>
        To set a label or a volume name for a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Label</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application opens a <guilabel>Set partition label on
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Type a label name in the <guilabel>Label </guilabel> text box.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.
              The application displays the set partition label operation
              in the <guilabel>Operations Pending</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= Specifying Partition Details ====================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-specify-partition-details">
        <title>Specifying Partition Details</title>
        <para>
        Specifying partition details is useful when performing actions
        such as create, resize, and move.
        </para>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Size and Location ========== -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location">
          <title>Specifying Partition Size and Location</title>
          <para>
          To specify the size and the location of the partition,
          use one or a combination of the following:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Click-and-hold the arrow at either end of the graphic area.
                Drag the arrow left or right within the display range.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Click-and-hold the middle of the partition in the graphic area.
                Drag the partition left or right within the display range.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Click the spin button arrows, or type numeric values
                to adjust the following fields:
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                      <guilabel>Free Space Preceding</guilabel>
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                      <guilabel>New Size</guilabel>
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                      <guilabel>Free Space Following</guilabel>
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
          <para>
          The application refreshes both the graphic area
          and the numbers beside the three field labels.
          </para>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Alignment ================== -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-alignment">
          <title>Specifying Partition Alignment</title>
          <para>
          To specify the alignment of the partition, click the 
          <guilabel>Align to</guilabel> arrow button, and select from the list.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Use <guilabel>MiB</guilabel> alignment for modern
              operating systems.  This setting aligns partitions to
              start and end on precise mebibyte (1,048,576 byte)
              boundaries.  MiB alignment provides enhanced performance
              when used with RAID systems and with Solid State Drives,
              such as USB flash drives.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Use <guilabel>Cylinder</guilabel> alignment to maintain
              compatibility with operating systems released before the
              year 2000, such as DOS.  This setting aligns partitions
              to start and end on disk cylinder boundaries.
              </para>
              <tip>
                <para>
                The Cylinder/Head/Sector values reported by modern
                disk devices no longer have a direct physical
                relationship to the data stored on the disk device.
                Hence it is no longer valid to use this alignment
                setting to achieve enhanced performance.
                </para>
              </tip>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Use <guilabel>None</guilabel> only if you have an
              in-depth knowledge of disk structure, partition tables,
              and boot records.  This setting places partition
              boundaries relative to the end of any immediately
              preceding partition on the disk device.  This setting
              is not guaranteed to reserve or respect space required
              for boot records.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Type ======================= -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-type">
          <title>Specifying Partition Type</title>
          <para>
          To specify the partition type, click the 
          <guilabel>Create as</guilabel> arrow button, and select from the list.
          </para>
          <note>
            <para>
            The msdos partition table limits partitions as follows:
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Maximum of 4 primary partitions.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Maximum of 3 primary partitions, and 1 extended partition.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                  The extended partition can contain multiple logical
                  partitions.
                  Some GNU/Linux distributions support accessing at most
                  15 partitions on a disk device.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Maximum size of a partition is 2 Terabytes using
                  a sector size of 512 bytes.  The partition must also
                  start within the first 2 Terabytes of the disk device.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </para>
          </note>
          <tip>
            <para>
            Primary partitions provide better data recoverability
            because the partition boundaries are stored at known
            locations on the disk device.
            </para>
          </tip>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition File System ================ -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-file-system">
          <title>Specifying Partition File System</title>
          <para>
          To specify the type of file system for the partition, click the
          <guilabel>File System</guilabel> arrow button, and select from the list.
          </para>
          <note>
            <para>
            Examples of uses for some file systems are as follows:
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Ext2, and ext3 file systems can be used for installing
                  GNU/Linux, and for data.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Linux-swap can be used with GNU/Linux to increase the
                  virtual memory of your computer.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Fat16 and fat32 file systems can be used to share
                  data between free and commercial operating systems.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                  Unformatted can be used if you want to create a
                  partition with no file system.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </para>
          </note>
        </sect4>

<!-- ============= To Specify a Partition Label ====================== -->
        <sect4 id="gparted-specify-partition-label">
          <title>Specifying Partition Label</title>
          <para>
          To specify the partition label, also known as a volume label,
          type a label name in the <guilabel>Label</guilabel> text box.
          </para>
          <tip>
            <para>
            Labels can be used to help you remember what is stored in
            the partition.
            </para>
            <para>
            Unique labels can be used to mount file systems with the
            GNU/Linux operating system.
            </para>
          </tip>
        </sect4>

      </sect3>
<!-- ============= End of Specifying Partition Details =============== -->

    </sect2>
<!-- ============= End of Intermediate Partition Actions ============= -->

<!-- ============= Advanced Partition Actions ======================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-advanced-partition-actions">
      <title>Advanced Partition Actions</title>
      <para>
      These actions will alter partitions on your disk device.
      These actions might modify the start or end boundaries
      of your existing partitions.
      These actions might cause operating systems to fail to boot.
      </para>

<!-- ============= To Resize a Partition ============================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-resize-partition">
        <title>Resizing a Partition</title>
        <para>
        Resizing and moving a partition can be performed by a single
        <application>&app;</application> operation.
        </para>
        <para>
        To resize a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Resize/Move</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the
              <guilabel>Resize/Move <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel>
              dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Adjust the size of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
              <tip>
                <para>
                If you do not want the start of an existing partition
                to move, then do not change the <guilabel>free space
                preceding</guilabel> value.
                </para>
              </tip>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Specify the alignment of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click <guibutton>Resize/Move</guibutton>.
              The application displays the resize/move partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Examine the operation that was added to the
              <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
              <para>
              If the operation involves a move step, then
              consider the following:
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    A move step might take a long time
                    to complete.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    If the partition is an operating system boot partition,
                    then a move step might cause the operating system
                    to fail to boot.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
              </para>
              <para>
              If you are not prepared to wait
              or to fix potential operating system boot problems,
              then you might want to undo the operation.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-undo-last-operation"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <tip>
          <para>
          To grow or move a partition, unallocated space must be available adjacent
          to the partition.
          </para>
          <para>
          If you are growing a logical partition, then the unallocated space
          must be within the extended partition.
          </para>
          <para>
          If you are growing a primary partition, then the unallocated space
          must not be within the extended partition.
          </para>
          <para>
          You can move unallocated space to be inside or outside of the
          extended partition by resizing the extended partition boundaries.
          </para>
        </tip>
        <tip>
          <para>
          To improve the ability to shrink NTFS partitions, you
          might consider one or more of the following:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Defragment the file system.
                </para>
                <para>
                Booting into Safe Mode with the
                commercial operating system that uses NTFS
                can improve the ability to defragment
                the file system.
                To enter Safe Mode press <keycap>F8</keycap>
                while your computer is booting
                the operating system.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Check the partition for errors with the following command:
                <screen><prompt>C:&gt; </prompt><command>chkdsk</command> /f /r</screen>
                Remember to reboot back into the commercial operating system
                that uses NTFS to allow the <command>chkdsk</command> command
                to execute.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Temporarily disable the paging file.
                The paging file occupies a fixed location
                in the partition that the defragmentation
                process is unable to move.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Temporarily move large files to another partition
                or disk device.  Large files are defined as greater
                than a few hundred Megabytes (MB).
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Ensure a proper shut down of the commercial operating
                system that uses NTFS before you resize the NTFS
                partition
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Leave at least 10 percent unused space in the NTFS partition.
                If you shrink the partition too much,
                then the commercial operating system might have difficulty
                functioning properly.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Reboot twice into the commercial operating system that
                uses NTFS after shrinking the NTFS partition. 
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Move a Partition =============================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-move-partition">
        <title>Moving a Partition</title>
        <para>
        Moving and resizing a partition can be performed by a single
        <application>&app;</application> operation.
        </para>
        <para>
        To move a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Resize/Move</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the
              <guilabel>Resize/Move <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel>
              dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Adjust the location of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Specify the alignment of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click <guibutton>Resize/Move</guibutton>.
              The application displays the resize/move partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <tip>
          <para>
          If the partition is an operating system boot partition,
          then the operating system might not boot after the move
          operation is applied.
          </para>
          <para>
          If the operating system fails to boot, see
          <xref linkend="gparted-fix-operating-system-boot-problems"/>.
          </para>
        </tip>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Copy and Paste a Partition ===================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-copy-and-paste-partition">
        <title>Copying and Pasting a Partition</title>
        <para>
        To copy a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Copy</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application marks the partition as the
              source partition.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
        To Paste a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unallocated space on a disk device.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-unallocated"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Paste</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the
              <guilabel>Paste <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel>
              dialog.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              If you want you can adjust the size and location of the partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-size-and-location"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              If you want you can specify the alignment of partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-specify-partition-alignment"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click <guibutton>Paste</guibutton>.
              The application displays the copy partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <caution>
          <para>
          The copy of the partition has the same label
          and the same Universally Unique Identifier (UUID)
          as the source partition.
          This can cause a problem when mount actions use the
          partition label or the UUID to identify the partition.
          The problem is that the label and the UUID are not unique.
          </para>
          <para>
          You are advised to do one of the following:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Change the UUID of the partition.
                If the partition label is not blank, change the label
                of the partition.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Use some other method to ensure that the source
                partition and the copy of the source partition
                are not used on the same computer at the same time.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </caution>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Manage Partition Flags ========================= -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-manage-partition-flags">
        <title>Managing Partition Flags</title>
        <para>
        To manage partition flags:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select a partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Manage Flags</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application opens a <guilabel>Manage flags on
              <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
              <para>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    To enable a flag, select the check box beside the flag.
                    The application writes the enabled flag to the partition
                    and refreshes the <guilabel>Manage flags on
                    <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    To disable a flag, deselect the check box beside the flag.
                    The application writes the disabled flag to the partition
                    and refreshes the <guilabel>Manage flags on
                    <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
        <para>
        To close the <guilabel>Manage flags on 
        <replaceable>/path-to-partition</replaceable></guilabel> dialog,
        click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>.
        </para>
        <note>
          <para>
          A description of flags in an msdos partition table
          follows:
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Boot is used by some commercial operating system
                boot loaders.
                The boot flag indicates the partition is active
                or bootable.
                Only one partition on a disk device can be active.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Hidden is used by some commercial operating systems.
                The hidden flag makes the partition invisible to the
                operating system.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                LBA is used by some commercial operating system
                boot loaders.
                The LBA flag indicates the partition should be
                accessed using Logical Block Addressing (LBA), instead
                of Cylinder-Head-Sector (CHS) addressing.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                LVM is used to indicate the partition is used by a
                Logical Volume Manager (LVM).
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Palo is used by the Precision Architecture - 
                Reduced Instruction Set Computing (PA-RISC)
                boot loader, palo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                Prep is used to indicate the boot partition
                on Power Performance Computing (PowerPC) hardware. 
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                RAID is used to indicate the partition is used in a
                Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID).
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
          </para>
        </note>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Check a Partition ============================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-Check-partition">
        <title>Checking a Partition</title>
        <para>
        Checking a partition will attempt to find and fix problems
        in the file system.
        Checking a partition will attempt to grow the file system
        to fill the partition.
        </para>
        <para>
        To check a partition:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Select an unmounted partition.
              See <xref linkend="gparted-select-partition"/>.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Partition</guimenu><guimenuitem>Check</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays the check partition operation
              in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= End of Advanced Partition Actions ================= -->
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= Working with the Operation Queue ================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-operation-queue">
      <title>Working with the Operation Queue</title>

<!-- ============= To Undo Last Operation ============================ -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-undo-last-operation">
        <title>Undoing Last Operation</title>
        <para>
        To undo the last operation in the operation queue, choose:
        <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu><guimenuitem>Undo Last Operation</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
        The application removes the last operation from the queue
        displayed in the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
        If there are no operations remaining in the queue,
        the application closes the
        <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Clear All Operations =========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-clear-all-operations">
        <title>Clearing All Operations</title>
        <para>
        To clear all operations in the operation queue, choose:
        <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu><guimenuitem>Clear All Operations</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
        The application removes all operations from the queue
        and closes the <guilabel>Pending Operations</guilabel> pane.
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= To Apply All Operations =========================== -->
      <sect3 id="gparted-apply-all-operations">
        <title>Applying All Operations</title>
        <para>
        To apply all operations:
          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Choose:
              <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu><guimenuitem>Apply All Operations</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.
              The application displays an
              <guilabel>Apply operations to device</guilabel> dialog.
              </para>
              <caution>
                <para>
                Editing partitions has the potential to cause LOSS of DATA.
                You are advised to backup your data before applying your
                partition editing operations.
                </para>
              </caution>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton>.
              The application displays an
              <guilabel>Applying pending operations</guilabel> dialog.
              The application applies each pending operation
              in the order you created the operations.
              The application displays a status update when each
              operation is completed.
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    To view more information,
                    click <guibutton>Details</guibutton>.
                    The application displays more details about operations.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    To view more information about the steps in each operation,
                    click the arrow button beside each step.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    To stop the operations while they are executing,
                    click <guibutton>Cancel</guibutton>.
                    The application displays a warning dialog.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    You are advised to click
                    <guibutton>Continue Operation</guibutton>
                    because <guibutton>Cancel Operation</guibutton>
                    might cause SEVERE file system damage.
                    Cancel the operation only if you agree to
                    the consequences.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    When the application finishes applying all operations,
                    the application displays the 
                    <guibutton>Save Details</guibutton> button and the
                    <guibutton>Close</guibutton> button.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              If you want to save the details from applying all operations,
              then click <guibutton>Save Details</guibutton>.
              The application displays a <guilabel>Save Details</guilabel>
              dialog.
                <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    If you want to change the default file name,
                    then type a file name in the
                    <guilabel>Name</guilabel> text box.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    If you want to save the file in a folder
                    different than /root,
                    Click <guibutton>Browse for other folders</guibutton>.
                    The application displays a file system navigator.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                    Use the file system navigator to select a folder.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                    Click <guibutton>Save</guibutton> to save the file.
                    The application saves the details file.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
              </para>
              <caution>
                <para>
                If you use <application>&app;</application> from a Live CD, then
                the root file system exists in RAM memory.  All files saved
                to the Live CD root file system will be lost when you shut down
                the computer.
                </para>
                <para>
                If you saved the &app; details to the Live CD root file system,
                then you need to copy the file to more permanent storage.
                Examples of more permanent storage are a hard disk drive
                or a USB flash memory drive.
                </para>
              </caution>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
              Click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>.
              The application closes the
              <guilabel>Applying pending operations</guilabel> dialog.
              The application rescans all the disk devices and refreshes the device
              partition layout in the <application>&app;</application> window.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </para>
      </sect3>

<!-- ============= End of Working with the Operation Queue =========== -->
    </sect2>

  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Acquiring GParted on Live CD ====================== -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-acquire-livecd">
    <title>Acquiring GParted on Live CD</title>
    <para>
    A Live CD is a Compact Disc that contains a bootable operating system.
    A Live CD enables you to boot your computer from the CD.
    </para>
    <para>
    Using <application>&app;</application> from a Live CD
    has the following advantages:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          You can edit all of your partitions
          because the partitions are not mounted.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          You can edit partitions on computers that
          do not have a bootable operating system.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <para>
    The <application>&app;</application> application is available on many
    Live CD distributions.
    </para>
    <para>
    You can download a Live CD image containing
    <application>&app;</application> from the following web sites:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          GParted Live CD
          <ulink type="http" url="http://gparted.org/livecd.php"/>
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          System Rescue CD
          <ulink type="http" url="http://www.sysresccd.org"/>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <tip>
      <para>
      To avoid wasting a blank CD when burning a CD image file,
      use the following tips:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Ensure the checksum of the downloaded file matches
          the checksum posted on the download page.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Be sure to burn the .iso file as an image to the blank CD.
          If you burn the .iso file as data to a blank CD then the
          CD will not boot in your computer.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </tip>
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Fixing Operating System Boot Problems ============= -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-fix-operating-system-boot-problems">
    <title>Fixing Operating System Boot Problems</title>
    <para>
    Your computer might fail to boot an operating system
    when you perform one of the following actions:
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Delete a partition.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Move a partition.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
          Install another operating system and
          overwrite the Master Boot Record (MBR).
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </para>
    <para>
    You are advised to consult documentation for your boot loader
    to learn how to fix the problem.
    You might consult the
    <ulink type="http" url="http://gparted.org/faq.php">&appname; FAQ</ulink>,
    or the
    <ulink type="http" url="http://gparted.org/forum.php">&appname; forum</ulink>.
    You might also use Internet search engines to learn how other people
    have solved similar problems.
    </para>

<!-- ============= Fixing GRUB Boot Problem ========================== -->
    <sect2 id="gparted-fix-grub-boot-problem">
      <title>Fixing GRUB boot problem</title>
      <para>
      The Grand Unified Boot loader (GRUB) might fail to boot an
      operating system if you do one of the following:
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Move the partition containing the GRUB stage2 file.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Install a new operating system that overwrites the
            Master Boot Record (MBR).
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </para>
      <para>
      To fix these problems, you will need to reinstall the GRUB 
      boot record using the following steps:
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Start the <application>grub</application> application
            from the command line.
            <screen><prompt>$ </prompt><command>grub</command></screen>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Find where <application>grub</application> stage1 is located by using
            one of the following:
            </para>
            <para>
            If the /boot folder is stored in the / partition,
            use the command:
            <screen><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt><command>find</command> /boot/grub/stage1</screen>
            If the /boot folder is stored in a partition
            different than the / partition, use the command:
            <screen><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt><command>find</command> /grub/stage1</screen>
            </para>
            <para>
            The output from the <command>find</command> command might
            look like the following:
            <screen><computeroutput> <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></computeroutput></screen>
            If more than one line is listed in the command output,
            you will need to decide which device you use for <application>grub</application>.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Set the <application>grub</application> root device
            by specifying the device returned
            by the <command>find</command> command.
            <screen><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt>root <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Reinstall <application>grub</application>
            by specifying the device returned
            by the <command>find</command> command.
            <screen><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt>setup <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Exit <application>grub</application>.
            <screen><prompt>grub&gt; </prompt>quit</screen>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            Reboot your computer.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </para>
      <para>
      The <application>grub</application> application is included on
      each Live CD listed in
      <xref linkend="gparted-acquire-livecd"/>
      </para>
    </sect2>

<!-- ============= End of Fixing Operating System Boot Problems ====== -->
  </sect1>

<!-- ============= Recovering Partition Tables ======================= -->
  <sect1 id="gparted-recover-partition-table">
    <title>Recovering Partition Tables</title>
    <para>
    If you accidentally overwrite your partition table, there is a chance
    that you might be able to recover it.
    </para>
    <para>
    The <application>testdisk</application> application is designed to help
    recover lost partitions.  For more information about 
    <application>testdisk</application>, see
    <ulink type="http" url="http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk"/>.
    </para>
    <para>
    The <application>testdisk</application> application is included on
    each Live CD listed in
    <xref linkend="gparted-acquire-livecd"/>
    </para>
  </sect1>

</article>