577 lines
24 KiB
TypeScript
577 lines
24 KiB
TypeScript
import Image from "next/image";
|
|
import Link from "next/link";
|
|
|
|
import PageHead from "../components/PageHead";
|
|
import CaptionedImage from "../components/about/CaptionedImage";
|
|
|
|
import { BsInfoCircleFill } from "react-icons/bs";
|
|
|
|
import handDrawnSpectrogramImg from "../public/about/hand_drawn_spectrogram.png";
|
|
import fourierTransformImg from "../public/about/fourier_transform.png";
|
|
import img2imgExample from "../public/about/img2img_example.png";
|
|
import latentSpaceInterpolation from "../public/about/latent_space_interpolation.png";
|
|
import spectrogramLabelImg from "../public/about/spectrogram_label.png";
|
|
import webAppScreenshot from "../public/about/web_app_screenshot.png";
|
|
|
|
import ToApp from "../components/about/ToApp";
|
|
|
|
export default function Home() {
|
|
return (
|
|
<>
|
|
<PageHead />
|
|
|
|
<ToApp />
|
|
|
|
<main className="bg-white flex flex-row text-black place-content-center">
|
|
<div className="w-3/4 md:w-2/3 lg:w-1/2 text-lg pb-20">
|
|
<h1 className="pt-16 pb-1 text-4xl font-bold">
|
|
<Link href="/" className="no-underline">
|
|
[ RIFFUSION ]
|
|
</Link>
|
|
</h1>
|
|
<h3 className="font-medium italic text-xl pb-6">
|
|
(noun): riff + diffusion
|
|
</h3>
|
|
<div className="relative rounded-xl bg-layer-2 p-2 pr-8 bg-sky-50">
|
|
<div className="flex items-center space-x-2.5 text-sky-700">
|
|
<BsInfoCircleFill className="h-6 w-6 flex-shrink-0" />
|
|
<div>
|
|
<div className="mt-0.5 text-sm font-semibold">
|
|
<Link href="/" className="no-underline">
|
|
Riffusion
|
|
</Link>{" "}
|
|
was created by{" "}
|
|
<a
|
|
className="no-underline text-slate-800"
|
|
href="https://sethforsgren.com/"
|
|
>
|
|
Seth Forsgren
|
|
</a>{" "}
|
|
and{" "}
|
|
<a
|
|
className="no-underline text-slate-800"
|
|
href="https://haykmartiros.com/"
|
|
>
|
|
Hayk Martiros
|
|
</a>{" "}
|
|
as a hobby project.
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="text-blue-600 pb-3"></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
You've heard of{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_Diffusion">
|
|
Stable Diffusion
|
|
</a>
|
|
, the open-source AI model that generates images from text?
|
|
</p>
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/astronaut.gif"}
|
|
caption={"photograph of an astronaut riding a horse"}
|
|
/>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Well, we fine-tuned the model to generate images of spectrograms,
|
|
like this:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/funky_sax.gif"}
|
|
caption={"funk bassline with a jazzy saxophone solo"}
|
|
/>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The magic is that this spectrogram can then be converted to an audio
|
|
clip:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio controls src="/about/funky_sax.mp3" className="w-1/2">
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="text-4xl mb-2">🔥🔥🔥😱</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Really? </b> Yup.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
This is the v1.5 stable diffusion model with no modifications, just
|
|
fine-tuned on images of spectrograms paired with text. Audio
|
|
processing happens downstream of the model.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
It can generate infinite variations of a prompt by varying the seed.
|
|
All the same web UIs and techniques like img2img, inpainting,
|
|
negative prompts, and interpolation work out of the box.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">Spectrograms</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
An audio{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrogram">spectrogram</a>{" "}
|
|
is a visual way to represent the frequency content of a sound clip.
|
|
The x-axis represents time, and the y-axis represents frequency. The
|
|
color of each pixel gives the amplitude of the audio at the
|
|
frequency and time given by its row and column.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<Image
|
|
className="ml-8 md:ml-16 m-5 w-3/4 md:w-2/3"
|
|
src={spectrogramLabelImg}
|
|
alt={"spectrogram with axes labeled"}
|
|
/>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The spectogram can be computed from audio using the{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-time_Fourier_transform">
|
|
Short-time Fourier transform
|
|
</a>{" "}
|
|
(STFT), which approximates the audio as a combination of sine waves
|
|
of varying amplitudes and phases.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<Image
|
|
className="ml-16 md:ml-24 m-5 w-3/4 md:w-1/2"
|
|
src={fourierTransformImg}
|
|
alt={"fourier transform explanation"}
|
|
/>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The STFT is invertible, so the original audio can be reconstructed
|
|
from a spectrogram. However, the spectrogram images from our model
|
|
only contain the amplitude of the sine waves and not the phases,
|
|
because the phases are chaotic and hard to learn. Instead, we use
|
|
the{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1164317">
|
|
Griffin-Lim
|
|
</a>{" "}
|
|
algorithm to approximate the phase when reconstructing the audio
|
|
clip.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
The frequency bins in our spectrogram use the{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_scale">Mel scale</a>,
|
|
which is a perceptual scale of pitches judged by listeners to be
|
|
equal in distance from one another.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
Below is a hand-drawn image interpreted as a spectrogram and
|
|
converted to audio. Play it back to get an intuitive sense of how
|
|
they work. Note how you can hear the pitches of the two curves on
|
|
the bottom half, and how the four vertical lines at the top make
|
|
beats similar to a hi-hat sound.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<Image
|
|
className="ml-16 md:ml-24 m-5 w-2/3 md:w-2/5 border-2"
|
|
src={handDrawnSpectrogramImg}
|
|
alt={"hand drawn spectrogram"}
|
|
/>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-24">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/hand_drawn.mp3"
|
|
className="w-2/3 md:w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
We use{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://pytorch.org/audio/stable/transforms.html">
|
|
Torchaudio
|
|
</a>
|
|
, which has excellent modules for efficient audio processing on the
|
|
GPU. Check out our audio processing code{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/hmartiro/riffusion-inference/blob/main/riffusion/audio.py">
|
|
here
|
|
</a>
|
|
.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">Image-to-Image</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
With diffusion models, it is possible to condition their creations
|
|
not only on a text prompt but also on other images. This is
|
|
incredibly useful for modifying sounds while preserving the
|
|
structure of the an original clip you like. You can control how much
|
|
to deviate from the original clip and towards a new prompt using the
|
|
denoising strength parameter.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
For example, here is that funky sax riff again, followed by a
|
|
modification to crank up the piano:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-3">
|
|
<div>
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/funky_sax.png"}
|
|
caption={"funk bassline with a jazzy saxophone solo"}
|
|
marginLeft={5}
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<div className="m-4">
|
|
<audio controls src="/about/funky_sax.mp3">
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div className="text-red text-xl">
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/funky_sax_to_piano.png"}
|
|
caption={"piano funk"}
|
|
marginLeft={5}
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<div className="m-4">
|
|
<audio controls src="/about/funky_sax_to_piano.mp3">
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The next example adapts a rock and roll solo to an acoustic folk
|
|
fiddle:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-3">
|
|
<div>
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/rock_and_roll_electric_guitar_solo.png"}
|
|
caption={"rock and roll electric guitar solo"}
|
|
marginLeft={5}
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<div className="m-4">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/rock_and_roll_electric_guitar_solo.mp3"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div className="text-red text-xl">
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/acoustic_folk_fiddle_solo.png"}
|
|
caption={"acoustic folk fiddle solo"}
|
|
marginLeft={5}
|
|
/>
|
|
|
|
<div className="m-4">
|
|
<audio controls src="/about/acoustic_folk_fiddle_solo.mp3">
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">
|
|
Looping and Interpolation
|
|
</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Generating short clips is a blast, but we really wanted infinite
|
|
AI-generated jams.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
Let's say we put in a prompt and generate 100 clips with varying
|
|
seeds. We can't concatenate the resulting clips because they differ
|
|
in key, tempo, and downbeat.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
Our strategy is to pick one initial image and generate variations of
|
|
it by running image-to-image generation with different seeds and
|
|
prompts. This preserves the key properties of the clips. To make
|
|
them loop-able, we also create initial images that are an exact
|
|
number of measures.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<Image
|
|
className="ml-4 md:ml-8 m-5 w-5/6 md:w-4/5"
|
|
src={img2imgExample}
|
|
alt={"img2img generation example"}
|
|
/>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
However, even with this approach it's still too abrupt to transition
|
|
between clips. Multiple interpretations of the same prompt with the
|
|
same overall structure can still vary greatly in their vibe and
|
|
melodic motifs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
To address this, we smoothly interpolate between prompts and seeds
|
|
<em> in the latent space of the model</em>. In diffusion models, the{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/hmartiro/riffusion-inference/blob/main/riffusion/audio.py">
|
|
latent space
|
|
</a>{" "}
|
|
is a feature vector that embeds the entire possible space of what
|
|
the model can generate. Items which resemble each other are close in
|
|
the latent space, and every numerical value of the latent space
|
|
decodes to a viable output.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
The key is that it's possible to sample the latent space between a
|
|
prompt with two different seeds, or two different prompts with the
|
|
same seed. Here is an example with the visual model:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/happy_cows_interpolation.gif"}
|
|
caption={""}
|
|
/>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
We can do the same thing with our model, which often produces
|
|
buttery smooth transitions, even between starkly different prompts.
|
|
This is much more interesting than interpolating the raw audio,
|
|
because in the latent space all in-between points still sound like
|
|
plausible clips. The figure below is colorized to show the latent
|
|
space interpolation between two seeds of the same prompt. Playing
|
|
this sequence is much smoother than just playing the two endpoints.
|
|
The interpolated clips are often diverse and have their own riffs
|
|
and motifs come and go.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<Image
|
|
className="ml-2 md:ml-4 m-5 w-11/12"
|
|
src={latentSpaceInterpolation}
|
|
alt={"Latent space interpolation example"}
|
|
/>
|
|
{/* TODO(hayk): Move one of these examples to the bottom. */}
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
Here is one of our favorites, a beautiful 20-step interpolation from
|
|
<b> typing </b> to <b>jazz</b>:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio controls src="/about/typing_to_jazz.mp3" className="w-1/2">
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
And another one from <b>church bells </b> to <b>electronic beats</b>
|
|
:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/church_bells_to_electronic_beats.mp3"
|
|
className="w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
Interpolation of <b>arabic gospel</b>, this time with the same
|
|
prompt between two seeds:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio controls src="/about/arabic_gospel.mp3" className="w-1/2">
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
The huggingface{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers">diffusers</a>{" "}
|
|
library implements a wide range of pipelines including
|
|
image-to-image and prompt interpolation, but we needed an
|
|
implementation for interpolation combined with image-to-image
|
|
conditioning. We implemented this pipeline, along with support for
|
|
masking to limit generation to only parts of an image. Code{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/hmartiro/riffusion-inference/blob/main/riffusion/riffusion_pipeline.py">
|
|
here
|
|
</a>
|
|
.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">Interactive Web App</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
To put it all together, we made an interactive web app to type in
|
|
prompts and infinitely generate interpolated content in real time,
|
|
while visualizing the spectrogram timeline in 3D.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
As the user types in new prompts, the audio smoothly transitions to
|
|
the new prompt. If there is no new prompt, the app will interpolate
|
|
between different seeds of the same prompt. Spectrograms are
|
|
visualized as 3D height maps along a timeline with a translucent
|
|
playhead.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<Image
|
|
className="ml-8 md:ml-16 m-5 w-3/4 md:w-2/3"
|
|
src={webAppScreenshot}
|
|
alt={"web app screenshot"}
|
|
/>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
The app is built using <a href="https://nextjs.org/">Next.js</a>,{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://reactjs.org/">React</a>,{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/">Typescript</a>,{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://threejs.org/">three.js</a>,{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://tailwindcss.com/">Tailwind</a>, and{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://vercel.com/">Vercel</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
The app communicates over an API to run the inference calls on a GPU
|
|
server. We used <a href="https://truss.baseten.co">Truss</a> to
|
|
package the model and test it locally before deploying it to Baseten
|
|
which provided GPU-backed inference, auto-scaling, and
|
|
observability. We used NVIDIA A10Gs in production.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
If you have a GPU powerful enough to generate stable diffusion
|
|
results in under five seconds, you can run the experience locally
|
|
using our test flask server.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">Code</h2>
|
|
<ul className="mt-3 ml-10 list-disc">
|
|
<li>
|
|
Web app:{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/hmartiro/riffusion-app">
|
|
https://github.com/hmartiro/ riffusion-app
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Inference server:{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/hmartiro/riffusion-inference">
|
|
https://github.com/hmartiro/ riffusion-inference
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
Model checkpoint:{" "}
|
|
<a href="https://huggingface.co/riffusion/riffusion-model-v1">
|
|
https://huggingface.co/ riffusion/riffusion-model-v1
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">Prompt Guide</h2>
|
|
<p className="mb-2">
|
|
Like other diffusion models, the quality of the results depends on
|
|
the prompt and other settings. This section provides some tips for
|
|
getting good results.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mb-2">
|
|
<b>Seed image</b> - The app does image-to-image conditioning, and
|
|
the seed image used for conditioning locks in the BPM and overall
|
|
vibe of the prompt. There can still be a large amount of diversity
|
|
with a given seed image, but the effect is present. In the app
|
|
settings, you can change the seed image to explore this effect.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mb-2">
|
|
<b>Denoising</b> - The higher the denoising, the more creative the
|
|
results but the less they will resemble the seed image. The default
|
|
denoising is 0.75, which does a good job of keeping on beat for most
|
|
prompts. The settings allow raising the denoising, which is often
|
|
fun but can quickly result in chaotic transitions and tempos.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mb-2">
|
|
<b>Prompt</b> - When providing prompts, get creative! Try your
|
|
favorite artists, instruments like saxophone or violin, modifiers
|
|
like arabic or jamaican, genres like jazz or rock, sounds like
|
|
church bells or rain, or any combination. Many words that are not
|
|
present in the training data still work because the text encoder can
|
|
associate words with similar semantics. The closer a prompt is in
|
|
spirit to the seed image And BPM, the better the results. For
|
|
example, a prompt for a genre that is much faster BPM than the seed
|
|
image will result in poor, generic audio.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mb-2">
|
|
<b>Prompt Reweighting</b> - We have support for providing weights
|
|
for tokens in a prompt, to emphasize certain words more than others.
|
|
An example syntax to boost a word is (vocals:1.2), which applies a
|
|
1.2x multiplier. The shorthand (vocals) is supported for a 1.1x
|
|
boost or [vocals] for a 1.1x reduction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p className="mb-2">
|
|
Parameters can also be specified via URL, for example:
|
|
<br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.riffusion.com/?&prompt=rainy+day&denoising=0.85&seedImageId=og_beat">
|
|
https://www.riffusion.com/? &prompt=rainy+day& denoising=0.85&
|
|
seedImageId=og_beat
|
|
</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">Samples</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Some of our favorite prompts and results. Check out{" "}
|
|
<a href="http://reddit.com/r/riffusion" target="_blank">
|
|
/r/riffusion
|
|
</a>{" "}
|
|
for more.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<CaptionedImage
|
|
image_url={"/about/mambo_but_from_jamaica.png"}
|
|
caption={"Mambo but from Jamaica"}
|
|
marginLeft={5}
|
|
/>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/mambo_but_from_jamaica.mp3"
|
|
className="w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
<b>Sunrise DJ Set</b> to <b>hard synth solo</b>:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/sunrise_dj_set_to_hard_synth.mp3"
|
|
className="w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
<b>Detroit Rap</b> to <b>Jazz</b>:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/detroit_rap_to_jazz_denoising_0_6_seed_50.mp3"
|
|
className="w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
<b>Cinematic New York City in a Dust Storm</b> to{" "}
|
|
<b>Golden hour vibes</b>:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/newyourkduststorm_goldenhourmountain.mp3"
|
|
className="w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
<b>Techno beat</b> to <b>Jamaican rap</b>:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/techno_to_jamaican_rap.mp3"
|
|
className="w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
<b>Fantasy ballad, female voice</b> to <b>teen boy pop star</b>:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<div className="m-5 ml-16">
|
|
<audio
|
|
controls
|
|
src="/about/fantasy_ballad_to_teen_boy_pop_star.mp3"
|
|
className="w-1/2"
|
|
>
|
|
Your browser does not support audio.
|
|
</audio>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<h2 className="pt-10 pb-5 text-3xl font-bold">Citation</h2>
|
|
<p className="mt-3">
|
|
If you build on this work, please cite it as follows:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<pre className="text-sm ml-8 mt-3">
|
|
{`@software{Forsgren_Martiros_2022,
|
|
author = {Forsgren, Seth* and Martiros, Hayk*},
|
|
title = {{Riffusion - Stable diffusion for real-time music generation}},
|
|
url = {https://riffusion.com/about},
|
|
year = {2022}
|
|
}`}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</main>
|
|
</>
|
|
);
|
|
}
|