fa007b1742 | ||
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undetected_chromedriver | ||
.gitignore | ||
LICENSE | ||
README.md | ||
setup.py |
README.md
undetected_chromedriver
https://github.com/ultrafunkamsterdam/undetected-chromedriver
Optimized Selenium Chromedriver patch which does not trigger anti-bot services like Distill Network / Imperva / DataDome / Botprotect.io Automatically downloads the driver binary and patches it.
- Tested until current chrome beta versions
- Works also on Brave Browser and many other Chromium based browsers, some tweaking
- Python 3.6++**
3.1.0
this version might
break your code, test before update!
-
added new anti-detection logic!
-
v2 has become the main module, so no need for references to v2 anymore. this mean you can now simply use:
import undetected_chromedriver as uc driver = uc.Chrome() driver.get('https://nowsecure.nl')
for backwards compatibility, v2 is not removed, but aliassed to the main module.
-
Fixed "welcome screen" nagging on non-windows OS-es. For those nagfetishists who ❤ welcome screens and feeding google with even more data, use Chrome(suppress_welcome=False).
-
replaced
executable_path
in constructor in favor ofbrowser_executable_path
which should not be used unless you are the edge case (yep, you are) who can't add your custom chrome installation folder to your PATH environment variable, or have an army of different browsers/versions and automatic lookup returns the wrong browser -
"v1" (?) moved to _compat for now.
-
fixed dependency versions
-
ChromeOptions custom handling removed, so it is compatible with
webdriver.chromium.options.ChromiumOptions
. -
removed Chrome.get() fu and restored back to "almost" original:
- no
with
statements needed anymore, although it will still work for the sake of backward-compatibility. - no sleeps, stop-start-sessions, delays, or async cdp black magic!
- this will solve a lot of other "issues" as well.
- no
-
test success to date: 100%
-
just to mention it another time, since some people have hard time reading: headless is still WIP. Raising issues is needless
3.0.4 changes
-
change process creation behavior to be fully detached
-
changed .get(url) method to always use the contextmanager
-
changed .get(url) method to use cdp under the hood.
... the
with
statement is not necessary anymore .. -
todo: work towards asyncification and selenium 4
words of wisdom:
Whenever you encounter the daunted
from session not created: This version of ChromeDriver only supports Chrome version 96 # or what ever version
the solution is simple:
import undetected_chromedriver.v2 as uc
driver = uc.Chrome(version_main=95)
July 2021: Currently busy implementing selenium 4 for undetected-chromedriver
newsflash: https://github.com/ultrafunkamsterdam/undetected-chromedriver/pull/255
Installation
pip install undetected-chromedriver
Usage
To prevent unnecessary hair-pulling and issue-raising, please mind the important note at the end of this document .
The Version 2 way
Literally, this is all you have to do. Settings are included and your browser executable is found automagically. This is also the snippet i recommend using in case you experience an issue.
import undetected_chromedriver.v2 as uc
driver = uc.Chrome()
driver.get('https://nowsecure.nl') # known url using cloudflare's "under attack mode"
The Version 2 more advanced way, including setting profie folder
Literally, this is all you have to do. If a specified folder does not exist, a NEW profile is created. Data dirs which are specified like this will not be autoremoved on exit.
import undetected_chromedriver.v2 as uc
options = uc.ChromeOptions()
# setting profile
options.user_data_dir = "c:\\temp\\profile"
# another way to set profile is the below (which takes precedence if both variants are used
options.add_argument('--user-data-dir=c:\\temp\\profile2')
# just some options passing in to skip annoying popups
options.add_argument('--no-first-run --no-service-autorun --password-store=basic')
driver = uc.Chrome(options=options, version_main=94) # version_main allows to specify your chrome version instead of following chrome global version
driver.get('https://nowsecure.nl') # known url using cloudflare's "under attack mode"
The Version 2 expert mode, including Devtool/Wire events!
Literally, this is all you have to do. You can now listen and subscribe to the low level devtools-protocol. I just recently found out that is also on planning for future release of the official chromedriver. However i implemented my own for now. Since i needed it myself for investigation.
import undetected_chromedriver.v2 as uc
from pprint import pformat
driver = uc.Chrome(enable_cdp_events=True)
def mylousyprintfunction(eventdata):
print(pformat(eventdata))
# set the callback to Network.dataReceived to print (yeah not much original)
driver.add_cdp_listener("Network.dataReceived", mylousyprintfunction)
driver.get('https://nowsecure.nl') # known url using cloudflare's "under attack mode"
def mylousyprintfunction(message):
print(pformat(message))
# for more inspiration checkout the link below
# https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/1-3/Network/
# and of couse 2 lousy examples
driver.add_cdp_listener('Network.requestWillBeSent', mylousyprintfunction)
driver.add_cdp_listener('Network.dataReceived', mylousyprintfunction)
# hint: a wildcard captures all events!
# driver.add_cdp_listener('*', mylousyprintfunction)
# now all these events will be printed in my console
driver.get('https://nowsecure.nl')
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSent',
'params': {'documentURL': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'hasUserGesture': False,
'initiator': {'type': 'other'},
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'request': {'headers': {'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT '
'10.0; Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, '
'like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0'},
'initialPriority': 'VeryHigh',
'method': 'GET',
'mixedContentType': 'none',
'referrerPolicy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'},
'requestId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'timestamp': 190010.996717,
'type': 'Document',
'wallTime': 1621835932.112026}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSentExtraInfo',
'params': {'associatedCookies': [],
'headers': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'document',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'navigate',
'sec-fetch-site': 'none',
'sec-fetch-user': '?1',
'upgrade-insecure-requests': '1',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; '
'x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like '
'Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'requestId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6'}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceivedExtraInfo',
'params': {'blockedCookies': [],
'headers': {'alt-svc': 'h3-27=":443"; ma=86400, h3-28=":443"; '
'ma=86400, h3-29=":443"; ma=86400',
'cache-control': 'private, max-age=0, no-store, '
'no-cache, must-revalidate, '
'post-check=0, pre-check=0',
'cf-ray': '65444b779ae6546f-LHR',
'cf-request-id': '0a3e8d7eba0000546ffd3fa000000001',
'content-type': 'text/html; charset=UTF-8',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'expect-ct': 'max-age=604800, '
'report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"',
'expires': 'Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT',
'nel': '{"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'permissions-policy': 'accelerometer=(),autoplay=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),fullscreen=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),interest-cohort=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=()',
'report-to': '{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report?s=CAfobYlmWImQ90e%2B4BFBhpPYL%2FyGyBvkcWAj%2B%2FVOLoEq0NVrD5jU9m5pi%2BKI%2BOAnINLPXOCoX2psLphA5Z38aZzWNr3eW%2BDTIK%2FQidc%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding',
'x-frame-options': 'SAMEORIGIN'},
'requestId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'resourceIPAddressSpace': 'Public'}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceived',
'params': {'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'requestId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'response': {'connectionId': 158,
'connectionReused': False,
'encodedDataLength': 851,
'fromDiskCache': False,
'fromPrefetchCache': False,
'fromServiceWorker': False,
'headers': {'alt-svc': 'h3-27=":443"; ma=86400, '
'h3-28=":443"; ma=86400, '
'h3-29=":443"; ma=86400',
'cache-control': 'private, max-age=0, '
'no-store, no-cache, '
'must-revalidate, '
'post-check=0, '
'pre-check=0',
'cf-ray': '65444b779ae6546f-LHR',
'cf-request-id': '0a3e8d7eba0000546ffd3fa000000001',
'content-type': 'text/html; charset=UTF-8',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'expect-ct': 'max-age=604800, '
'report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"',
'expires': 'Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT',
'nel': '{"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'permissions-policy': 'accelerometer=(),autoplay=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),fullscreen=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),interest-cohort=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=()',
'report-to': '{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report?s=CAfobYlmWImQ90e%2B4BFBhpPYL%2FyGyBvkcWAj%2B%2FVOLoEq0NVrD5jU9m5pi%2BKI%2BOAnINLPXOCoX2psLphA5Z38aZzWNr3eW%2BDTIK%2FQidc%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding',
'x-frame-options': 'SAMEORIGIN'},
'mimeType': 'text/html',
'protocol': 'h2',
'remoteIPAddress': '104.21.5.197',
'remotePort': 443,
'requestHeaders': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, '
'br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not '
'A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", '
'"Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'document',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'navigate',
'sec-fetch-site': 'none',
'sec-fetch-user': '?1',
'upgrade-insecure-requests': '1',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 '
'(Windows NT 10.0; '
'Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 '
'(KHTML, like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'responseTime': 1621835932177.923,
'securityDetails': {'certificateId': 0,
'certificateTransparencyCompliance': 'compliant',
'cipher': 'AES_128_GCM',
'issuer': 'Cloudflare Inc ECC '
'CA-3',
'keyExchange': '',
'keyExchangeGroup': 'X25519',
'protocol': 'TLS 1.3',
'sanList': ['sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'*.nowsecure.nl',
'nowsecure.nl'],
'signedCertificateTimestampList': [{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'Google '
"'Argon2021' "
'log',
'logId': 'F65C942FD1773022145418083094568EE34D131933BFDF0C2F200BCC4EF164E3',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '30450221008A25458182A6E7F608FE1492086762A367381E94137952FFD621BA2E60F7E2F702203BCDEBCE1C544DECF0A113DE12B33E299319E6240426F38F08DFC04EF2E42825',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372839.0},
{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'DigiCert '
'Yeti2021 '
'Log',
'logId': '5CDC4392FEE6AB4544B15E9AD456E61037FBD5FA47DCA17394B25EE6F6C70ECA',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '3046022100A95A49C7435DBFC73406AC409062C27269E6E69F443A2213F3A085E3BCBD234A022100DEA878296F8A1DB43546DC1865A4C5AD2B90664A243AE0A3A6D4925802EE68A8',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372823.0}],
'subjectName': 'sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'validFrom': 1598659200,
'validTo': 1630238400},
'securityState': 'secure',
'status': 503,
'statusText': '',
'timing': {'connectEnd': 40.414,
'connectStart': 0,
'dnsEnd': 0,
'dnsStart': 0,
'proxyEnd': -1,
'proxyStart': -1,
'pushEnd': 0,
'pushStart': 0,
'receiveHeadersEnd': 60.361,
'requestTime': 190011.002239,
'sendEnd': 41.348,
'sendStart': 41.19,
'sslEnd': 40.405,
'sslStart': 10.853,
'workerFetchStart': -1,
'workerReady': -1,
'workerRespondWithSettled': -1,
'workerStart': -1},
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'},
'timestamp': 190011.06449,
'type': 'Document'}}
{'method': 'Page.frameStartedLoading',
'params': {'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700'}}
{'method': 'Page.frameNavigated',
'params': {'frame': {'adFrameType': 'none',
'crossOriginIsolatedContextType': 'NotIsolated',
'domainAndRegistry': 'nowsecure.nl',
'gatedAPIFeatures': ['SharedArrayBuffers',
'SharedArrayBuffersTransferAllowed'],
'id': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'mimeType': 'text/html',
'secureContextType': 'Secure',
'securityOrigin': 'https://nowsecure.nl',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'}}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 9835,
'encodedDataLength': 0,
'requestId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'timestamp': 190011.093343}}
{'method': 'Network.loadingFinished',
'params': {'encodedDataLength': 10713,
'requestId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'shouldReportCorbBlocking': False,
'timestamp': 190011.064011}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSent',
'params': {'documentURL': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'hasUserGesture': False,
'initiator': {'stack': {'callFrames': [{'columnNumber': 51,
'functionName': '',
'lineNumber': 114,
'scriptId': '8',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'},
{'columnNumber': 9,
'functionName': '',
'lineNumber': 115,
'scriptId': '8',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'}]},
'type': 'script'},
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'request': {'headers': {'Referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT '
'10.0; Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, '
'like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0'},
'initialPriority': 'Low',
'method': 'GET',
'mixedContentType': 'none',
'referrerPolicy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/jsch/v1?ray=65444b779ae6546f'},
'requestId': '17180.2',
'timestamp': 190011.106133,
'type': 'Script',
'wallTime': 1621835932.221325}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSent',
'params': {'documentURL': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'hasUserGesture': False,
'initiator': {'columnNumber': 13,
'lineNumber': 117,
'type': 'parser',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'},
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'request': {'headers': {'Referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT '
'10.0; Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, '
'like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0'},
'initialPriority': 'Low',
'method': 'GET',
'mixedContentType': 'none',
'referrerPolicy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/js/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f'},
'requestId': '17180.3',
'timestamp': 190011.106911,
'type': 'Image',
'wallTime': 1621835932.222102}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSent',
'params': {'documentURL': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'hasUserGesture': False,
'initiator': {'type': 'parser', 'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'},
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'request': {'headers': {'Referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT '
'10.0; Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, '
'like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0'},
'initialPriority': 'Low',
'method': 'GET',
'mixedContentType': 'none',
'referrerPolicy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/nojs/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f'},
'requestId': '17180.4',
'timestamp': 190011.109527,
'type': 'Image',
'wallTime': 1621835932.224719}}
{'method': 'Page.domContentEventFired', 'params': {'timestamp': 190011.110345}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSentExtraInfo',
'params': {'associatedCookies': [],
'clientSecurityState': {'initiatorIPAddressSpace': 'Public',
'initiatorIsSecureContext': True,
'privateNetworkRequestPolicy': 'WarnFromInsecureToMorePrivate'},
'headers': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/js/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': 'image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,image/svg+xml,image/*,*/*;q=0.8',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'image',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'no-cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; '
'x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like '
'Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'requestId': '17180.3'}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSentExtraInfo',
'params': {'associatedCookies': [],
'clientSecurityState': {'initiatorIPAddressSpace': 'Public',
'initiatorIsSecureContext': True,
'privateNetworkRequestPolicy': 'WarnFromInsecureToMorePrivate'},
'headers': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/jsch/v1?ray=65444b779ae6546f',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': '*/*',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'script',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'no-cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; '
'x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like '
'Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'requestId': '17180.2'}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSentExtraInfo',
'params': {'associatedCookies': [],
'clientSecurityState': {'initiatorIPAddressSpace': 'Public',
'initiatorIsSecureContext': True,
'privateNetworkRequestPolicy': 'WarnFromInsecureToMorePrivate'},
'headers': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/nojs/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': 'image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,image/svg+xml,image/*,*/*;q=0.8',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'image',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'no-cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; '
'x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like '
'Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'requestId': '17180.4'}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceivedExtraInfo',
'params': {'blockedCookies': [],
'headers': {'accept-ranges': 'bytes',
'cache-control': 'max-age=7200\npublic',
'cf-ray': '65444b781d1de604-LHR',
'content-length': '42',
'content-type': 'image/gif',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'etag': '"60a4d856-2a"',
'expires': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 07:58:53 GMT',
'last-modified': 'Wed, 19 May 2021 09:20:22 GMT',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding',
'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff',
'x-frame-options': 'DENY'},
'requestId': '17180.3',
'resourceIPAddressSpace': 'Public'}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceivedExtraInfo',
'params': {'blockedCookies': [],
'headers': {'accept-ranges': 'bytes',
'cache-control': 'max-age=7200\npublic',
'cf-ray': '65444b781d1fe604-LHR',
'content-length': '42',
'content-type': 'image/gif',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'etag': '"60a4d856-2a"',
'expires': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 07:58:53 GMT',
'last-modified': 'Wed, 19 May 2021 09:20:22 GMT',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding',
'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff',
'x-frame-options': 'DENY'},
'requestId': '17180.4',
'resourceIPAddressSpace': 'Public'}}
{'method': 'Network.resourceChangedPriority',
'params': {'newPriority': 'High',
'requestId': '17180.4',
'timestamp': 190011.171057}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceived',
'params': {'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'requestId': '17180.3',
'response': {'connectionId': 0,
'connectionReused': False,
'encodedDataLength': 214,
'fromDiskCache': False,
'fromPrefetchCache': False,
'fromServiceWorker': False,
'headers': {'accept-ranges': 'bytes',
'cache-control': 'max-age=7200\npublic',
'cf-ray': '65444b781d1de604-LHR',
'content-length': '42',
'content-type': 'image/gif',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'etag': '"60a4d856-2a"',
'expires': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 07:58:53 GMT',
'last-modified': 'Wed, 19 May 2021 '
'09:20:22 GMT',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding',
'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff',
'x-frame-options': 'DENY'},
'mimeType': 'image/gif',
'protocol': 'h3-29',
'remoteIPAddress': '104.21.5.197',
'remotePort': 443,
'requestHeaders': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/js/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': 'image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,image/svg+xml,image/*,*/*;q=0.8',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, '
'br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not '
'A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", '
'"Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'image',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'no-cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 '
'(Windows NT 10.0; '
'Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 '
'(KHTML, like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'responseTime': 1621835932265.169,
'securityDetails': {'certificateId': 0,
'certificateTransparencyCompliance': 'compliant',
'cipher': 'AES_128_GCM',
'issuer': 'Cloudflare Inc ECC '
'CA-3',
'keyExchange': '',
'keyExchangeGroup': 'X25519',
'protocol': 'QUIC',
'sanList': ['sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'*.nowsecure.nl',
'nowsecure.nl'],
'signedCertificateTimestampList': [{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'Google '
"'Argon2021' "
'log',
'logId': 'F65C942FD1773022145418083094568EE34D131933BFDF0C2F200BCC4EF164E3',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '30450221008A25458182A6E7F608FE1492086762A367381E94137952FFD621BA2E60F7E2F702203BCDEBCE1C544DECF0A113DE12B33E299319E6240426F38F08DFC04EF2E42825',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372839.0},
{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'DigiCert '
'Yeti2021 '
'Log',
'logId': '5CDC4392FEE6AB4544B15E9AD456E61037FBD5FA47DCA17394B25EE6F6C70ECA',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '3046022100A95A49C7435DBFC73406AC409062C27269E6E69F443A2213F3A085E3BCBD234A022100DEA878296F8A1DB43546DC1865A4C5AD2B90664A243AE0A3A6D4925802EE68A8',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372823.0}],
'subjectName': 'sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'validFrom': 1598659200,
'validTo': 1630238400},
'securityState': 'secure',
'status': 200,
'statusText': '',
'timing': {'connectEnd': 26.087,
'connectStart': 0,
'dnsEnd': 0,
'dnsStart': 0,
'proxyEnd': -1,
'proxyStart': -1,
'pushEnd': 0,
'pushStart': 0,
'receiveHeadersEnd': 40.709,
'requestTime': 190011.109386,
'sendEnd': 26.346,
'sendStart': 26.182,
'sslEnd': 26.087,
'sslStart': 0,
'workerFetchStart': -1,
'workerReady': -1,
'workerRespondWithSettled': -1,
'workerStart': -1},
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/js/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f'},
'timestamp': 190011.174536,
'type': 'Image'}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 42,
'encodedDataLength': 0,
'requestId': '17180.3',
'timestamp': 190011.174737}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 0,
'encodedDataLength': 44,
'requestId': '17180.3',
'timestamp': 190011.17524}}
{'method': 'Network.loadingFinished',
'params': {'encodedDataLength': 258,
'requestId': '17180.3',
'shouldReportCorbBlocking': False,
'timestamp': 190011.152073}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceived',
'params': {'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'requestId': '17180.4',
'response': {'connectionId': 0,
'connectionReused': True,
'encodedDataLength': 178,
'fromDiskCache': False,
'fromPrefetchCache': False,
'fromServiceWorker': False,
'headers': {'accept-ranges': 'bytes',
'cache-control': 'max-age=7200\npublic',
'cf-ray': '65444b781d1fe604-LHR',
'content-length': '42',
'content-type': 'image/gif',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'etag': '"60a4d856-2a"',
'expires': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 07:58:53 GMT',
'last-modified': 'Wed, 19 May 2021 '
'09:20:22 GMT',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding',
'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff',
'x-frame-options': 'DENY'},
'mimeType': 'image/gif',
'protocol': 'h3-29',
'remoteIPAddress': '104.21.5.197',
'remotePort': 443,
'requestHeaders': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/nojs/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': 'image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,image/svg+xml,image/*,*/*;q=0.8',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, '
'br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not '
'A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", '
'"Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'image',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'no-cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 '
'(Windows NT 10.0; '
'Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 '
'(KHTML, like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'responseTime': 1621835932268.067,
'securityDetails': {'certificateId': 0,
'certificateTransparencyCompliance': 'compliant',
'cipher': 'AES_128_GCM',
'issuer': 'Cloudflare Inc ECC '
'CA-3',
'keyExchange': '',
'keyExchangeGroup': 'X25519',
'protocol': 'QUIC',
'sanList': ['sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'*.nowsecure.nl',
'nowsecure.nl'],
'signedCertificateTimestampList': [{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'Google '
"'Argon2021' "
'log',
'logId': 'F65C942FD1773022145418083094568EE34D131933BFDF0C2F200BCC4EF164E3',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '30450221008A25458182A6E7F608FE1492086762A367381E94137952FFD621BA2E60F7E2F702203BCDEBCE1C544DECF0A113DE12B33E299319E6240426F38F08DFC04EF2E42825',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372839.0},
{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'DigiCert '
'Yeti2021 '
'Log',
'logId': '5CDC4392FEE6AB4544B15E9AD456E61037FBD5FA47DCA17394B25EE6F6C70ECA',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '3046022100A95A49C7435DBFC73406AC409062C27269E6E69F443A2213F3A085E3BCBD234A022100DEA878296F8A1DB43546DC1865A4C5AD2B90664A243AE0A3A6D4925802EE68A8',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372823.0}],
'subjectName': 'sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'validFrom': 1598659200,
'validTo': 1630238400},
'securityState': 'secure',
'status': 200,
'statusText': '',
'timing': {'connectEnd': -1,
'connectStart': -1,
'dnsEnd': -1,
'dnsStart': -1,
'proxyEnd': -1,
'proxyStart': -1,
'pushEnd': 0,
'pushStart': 0,
'receiveHeadersEnd': 42.415,
'requestTime': 190011.110341,
'sendEnd': 25.713,
'sendStart': 25.609,
'sslEnd': -1,
'sslStart': -1,
'workerFetchStart': -1,
'workerReady': -1,
'workerRespondWithSettled': -1,
'workerStart': -1},
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/cdn-cgi/images/trace/jschal/nojs/transparent.gif?ray=65444b779ae6546f'},
'timestamp': 190011.175727,
'type': 'Image'}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 42,
'encodedDataLength': 0,
'requestId': '17180.4',
'timestamp': 190011.175856}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 0,
'encodedDataLength': 44,
'requestId': '17180.4',
'timestamp': 190011.176133}}
{'method': 'Network.loadingFinished',
'params': {'encodedDataLength': 222,
'requestId': '17180.4',
'shouldReportCorbBlocking': False,
'timestamp': 190011.153335}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceivedExtraInfo',
'params': {'blockedCookies': [],
'headers': {'alt-svc': 'h3-27=":443"; ma=86400, h3-28=":443"; '
'ma=86400, h3-29=":443"; ma=86400',
'cache-control': 'max-age=0, must-revalidate',
'cf-ray': '65444b781d1ee604-LHR',
'cf-request-id': '0a3e8d7f140000e60496387000000001',
'content-encoding': 'br',
'content-type': 'text/javascript',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'expect-ct': 'max-age=604800, '
'report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"',
'nel': '{"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'report-to': '{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report?s=ZtI%2Bx8B7DpI8%2FsDA72maecFVCPvIsfBOyJjT8weyiqfmrHrmcBYpRhc%2FI%2F6JmIlnxW%2F%2BBohxLi1F8mpjAUabJ0kXLYnmjGKp2Ndio9M%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding'},
'requestId': '17180.2',
'resourceIPAddressSpace': 'Public'}}
{'method': 'Network.responseReceived',
'params': {'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'requestId': '17180.2',
'response': {'connectionId': 0,
'connectionReused': True,
'encodedDataLength': 510,
'fromDiskCache': False,
'fromPrefetchCache': False,
'fromServiceWorker': False,
'headers': {'alt-svc': 'h3-27=":443"; ma=86400, '
'h3-28=":443"; ma=86400, '
'h3-29=":443"; ma=86400',
'cache-control': 'max-age=0, '
'must-revalidate',
'cf-ray': '65444b781d1ee604-LHR',
'cf-request-id': '0a3e8d7f140000e60496387000000001',
'content-encoding': 'br',
'content-type': 'text/javascript',
'date': 'Mon, 24 May 2021 05:58:53 GMT',
'expect-ct': 'max-age=604800, '
'report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"',
'nel': '{"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'report-to': '{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report?s=ZtI%2Bx8B7DpI8%2FsDA72maecFVCPvIsfBOyJjT8weyiqfmrHrmcBYpRhc%2FI%2F6JmIlnxW%2F%2BBohxLi1F8mpjAUabJ0kXLYnmjGKp2Ndio9M%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}',
'server': 'cloudflare',
'vary': 'Accept-Encoding'},
'mimeType': 'text/javascript',
'protocol': 'h3-29',
'remoteIPAddress': '104.21.5.197',
'remotePort': 443,
'requestHeaders': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/jsch/v1?ray=65444b779ae6546f',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': '*/*',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, '
'br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not '
'A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", '
'"Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'script',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'no-cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 '
'(Windows NT 10.0; '
'Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 '
'(KHTML, like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
'responseTime': 1621835932301.817,
'securityDetails': {'certificateId': 0,
'certificateTransparencyCompliance': 'compliant',
'cipher': 'AES_128_GCM',
'issuer': 'Cloudflare Inc ECC '
'CA-3',
'keyExchange': '',
'keyExchangeGroup': 'X25519',
'protocol': 'QUIC',
'sanList': ['sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'*.nowsecure.nl',
'nowsecure.nl'],
'signedCertificateTimestampList': [{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'Google '
"'Argon2021' "
'log',
'logId': 'F65C942FD1773022145418083094568EE34D131933BFDF0C2F200BCC4EF164E3',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '30450221008A25458182A6E7F608FE1492086762A367381E94137952FFD621BA2E60F7E2F702203BCDEBCE1C544DECF0A113DE12B33E299319E6240426F38F08DFC04EF2E42825',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372839.0},
{'hashAlgorithm': 'SHA-256',
'logDescription': 'DigiCert '
'Yeti2021 '
'Log',
'logId': '5CDC4392FEE6AB4544B15E9AD456E61037FBD5FA47DCA17394B25EE6F6C70ECA',
'origin': 'Embedded '
'in '
'certificate',
'signatureAlgorithm': 'ECDSA',
'signatureData': '3046022100A95A49C7435DBFC73406AC409062C27269E6E69F443A2213F3A085E3BCBD234A022100DEA878296F8A1DB43546DC1865A4C5AD2B90664A243AE0A3A6D4925802EE68A8',
'status': 'Verified',
'timestamp': 1598706372823.0}],
'subjectName': 'sni.cloudflaressl.com',
'validFrom': 1598659200,
'validTo': 1630238400},
'securityState': 'secure',
'status': 200,
'statusText': '',
'timing': {'connectEnd': -1,
'connectStart': -1,
'dnsEnd': -1,
'dnsStart': -1,
'proxyEnd': -1,
'proxyStart': -1,
'pushEnd': 0,
'pushStart': 0,
'receiveHeadersEnd': 78.885,
'requestTime': 190011.107975,
'sendEnd': 27.934,
'sendStart': 27.809,
'sslEnd': -1,
'sslStart': -1,
'workerFetchStart': -1,
'workerReady': -1,
'workerRespondWithSettled': -1,
'workerStart': -1},
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/jsch/v1?ray=65444b779ae6546f'},
'timestamp': 190011.188468,
'type': 'Script'}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 31556,
'encodedDataLength': 0,
'requestId': '17180.2',
'timestamp': 190011.188663}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 6737,
'encodedDataLength': 11251,
'requestId': '17180.2',
'timestamp': 190011.198249}}
{'method': 'Network.dataReceived',
'params': {'dataLength': 0,
'encodedDataLength': 2049,
'requestId': '17180.2',
'timestamp': 190011.200943}}
{'method': 'Network.loadingFinished',
'params': {'encodedDataLength': 13810,
'requestId': '17180.2',
'shouldReportCorbBlocking': False,
'timestamp': 190011.198142}}
{'method': 'Page.loadEventFired', 'params': {'timestamp': 190011.204711}}
{'method': 'Page.frameScheduledNavigation',
'params': {'delay': 12,
'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'reason': 'metaTagRefresh',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/'}}
{'method': 'Page.frameStoppedLoading',
'params': {'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700'}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSent',
'params': {'documentURL': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'frameId': 'F42BAE4BDD4E428EE2503CB5A7B4F700',
'hasUserGesture': False,
'initiator': {'type': 'other'},
'loaderId': '449906A5C736D819123288133F2797E6',
'request': {'headers': {'Referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT '
'10.0; Win64; x64) '
'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, '
'like Gecko) '
'Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0'},
'initialPriority': 'High',
'method': 'GET',
'mixedContentType': 'none',
'referrerPolicy': 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
'url': 'https://nowsecure.nl/favicon.ico'},
'requestId': '17180.5',
'timestamp': 190011.210491,
'type': 'Other',
'wallTime': 1621835932.325683}}
{'method': 'Network.requestWillBeSentExtraInfo',
'params': {'associatedCookies': [{'blockedReasons': [],
'cookie': {'domain': 'nowsecure.nl',
'expires': 1621839532,
'httpOnly': False,
'name': 'cf_chl_prog',
'path': '/',
'priority': 'Medium',
'sameParty': False,
'secure': False,
'session': False,
'size': 12,
'sourcePort': 443,
'sourceScheme': 'Secure',
'value': 'e'}}],
'clientSecurityState': {'initiatorIPAddressSpace': 'Public',
'initiatorIsSecureContext': True,
'privateNetworkRequestPolicy': 'WarnFromInsecureToMorePrivate'},
'headers': {':authority': 'nowsecure.nl',
':method': 'GET',
':path': '/favicon.ico',
':scheme': 'https',
'accept': 'image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,image/svg+xml,image/*,*/*;q=0.8',
'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9',
'cookie': 'cf_chl_prog=e',
'referer': 'https://nowsecure.nl/',
'sec-ch-ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", '
'"Chromium";v="90", "Google '
'Chrome";v="90"',
'sec-ch-ua-mobile': '?0',
'sec-fetch-dest': 'image',
'sec-fetch-mode': 'no-cors',
'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; '
'x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like '
'Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.212 '
'Safari/537.36'},
# hopefullly you get the idea.
the easy way (v1 old stuff)
import undetected_chromedriver as uc
driver = uc.Chrome()
driver.get('https://distilnetworks.com')
target specific chrome version (v1 old stuff)
import undetected_chromedriver as uc
uc.TARGET_VERSION = 85
driver = uc.Chrome()
monkeypatch mode (v1 old stuff)
Needs to be done before importing from selenium package
import undetected_chromedriver as uc
uc.install()
from selenium.webdriver import Chrome
driver = Chrome()
driver.get('https://distilnetworks.com')
the customized way (v1 old stuff)
import undetected_chromedriver as uc
#specify chromedriver version to download and patch
uc.TARGET_VERSION = 78
# or specify your own chromedriver binary (why you would need this, i don't know)
uc.install(
executable_path='c:/users/user1/chromedriver.exe',
)
opts = uc.ChromeOptions()
opts.add_argument(f'--proxy-server=socks5://127.0.0.1:9050')
driver = uc.Chrome(options=opts)
driver.get('https://distilnetworks.com')
datadome.co example (v1 old stuff)
These guys have actually a powerful product, and a link to this repo, which makes me wanna test their product. Make sure you use a "clean" ip for this one.
#
# STANDARD selenium Chromedriver
#
from selenium import webdriver
chrome = webdriver.Chrome()
chrome.get('https://datadome.co/customers-stories/toppreise-ends-web-scraping-and-content-theft-with-datadome/')
chrome.save_screenshot('datadome_regular_webdriver.png')
True # it caused my ip to be flagged, unfortunately
#
# UNDETECTED chromedriver (headless,even)
#
import undetected_chromedriver as uc
options = uc.ChromeOptions()
options.headless=True
options.add_argument('--headless')
chrome = uc.Chrome(options=options)
chrome.get('https://datadome.co/customers-stories/toppreise-ends-web-scraping-and-content-theft-with-datadome/')
chrome.save_screenshot('datadome_undetected_webddriver.png')
Check both saved screenhots here