Add GRUB 2 restoration steps to help manual (#734376)
Also add short description of GRUB 2 and GRUB Legacy, and list of GNU/Linux distributions and which version started using GRUB 2. Bug #734376 - Add GRUB 2 Restore Steps to GParted Manual
This commit is contained in:
Curtis Gedak
Mike Fleetwood
parent
43fd79661a
commit
fa7c38f166
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@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY appversion "0.18.0">
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<!ENTITY manrevision "1.7">
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<!ENTITY date "February 2014">
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<!ENTITY appversion "0.20.0">
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<!ENTITY manrevision "1.8">
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<!ENTITY date "September 2014">
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<!ENTITY app "gparted">
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<!ENTITY appname "GParted">
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<!-- Information about the entities:
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@ -99,6 +99,15 @@
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<!-- According to GNU FDL, revision history is mandatory if you are -->
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<!-- modifying/reusing someone else's document. If not, you can omit it. -->
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<revhistory>
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<revision>
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<revnumber>&appname; Manual V1.8</revnumber>
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<date>September 2014</date>
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<revdescription>
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<para role="author">Curtis Gedak</para>
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<para role="publisher">&appname; Project</para>
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<para role="annotations">Describes version 0.20.0 of &appname;</para>
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</revdescription>
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</revision>
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<revision>
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<revnumber>&appname; Manual V1.7</revnumber>
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<date>February 2014</date>
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@ -2357,12 +2366,13 @@
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<sect2 id="gparted-fix-grub-boot-problem">
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<title>Fixing GRUB boot problem</title>
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<para>
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The Grand Unified Boot loader (GRUB) might fail to boot an
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operating system if you do one of the following:
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The Grand Unified Boot loader (GRUB) is used by many GNU/Linux
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distributions. GRUB might fail to boot an operating system if
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you do one of the following:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Move the partition containing the GRUB stage2 file.
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Move a partition containing the boot code.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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@ -2374,71 +2384,254 @@
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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To fix these problems, you will need to reinstall the GRUB
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boot record using the following steps:
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Start the <application>grub</application> application
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from the command line.
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<screen><prompt>$ </prompt><command>grub</command></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Find where <application>grub</application> stage1 is located by using
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one of the following:
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</para>
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<para>
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If the /boot folder is stored in the / partition,
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use the command:
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt><command>find</command> /boot/grub/stage1</screen>
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If the /boot folder is stored in a partition
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different than the / partition, use the command:
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt><command>find</command> /grub/stage1</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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The output from the <command>find</command> command might
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look like the following:
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<screen><computeroutput> <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></computeroutput></screen>
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If more than one line is listed in the command output,
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you will need to decide which device you use for <application>grub</application>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Set the <application>grub</application> root device
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by specifying the device returned
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by the <command>find</command> command.
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt>root <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Reinstall <application>grub</application>
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by specifying the device returned
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by the <command>find</command> command.
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt>setup <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Exit <application>grub</application>.
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt>quit</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Reboot your computer.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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To fix these problems you must determine which boot loader is
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being used, and then restore the proper boot loader.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <application>grub</application> application is included on
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each Live CD listed in
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<xref linkend="gparted-acquire-livecd"/>
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There are two major versions of GRUB:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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GRUB, also known as GRUB 2, covers versions 1.98 and
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higher. GRUB 2 works with both GUID partition tables
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(GPT) and msdos partition tables.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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GRUB Legacy, traditionally known as GRUB, covers versions
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0.9x and earlier. GRUB Legacy works with msdos partition
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tables only.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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GRUB 2 is used as the default boot loader in the following
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GNU/Linux distributions:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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CentOS 7 and higher
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Debian 6 (Squeeze) and higher
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Fedora 16 (Verne) and higher
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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openSUSE 12.2 and higher
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala) and higher
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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If you are unsure whether your computer uses GRUB 2 or GRUB
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Legacy, you might try searching for the answer on the Internet.
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</para>
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<!-- ============= To Restore GRUB 2 ================================= -->
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<sect3 id="gparted-restore-grub-2">
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<title>Restoring GRUB 2 Boot Loader</title>
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<para>
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Use the following steps to restore the GRUB 2 boot loader:
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Boot from Live media such as GParted Live or your
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GNU/Linux distribution image. Open a terminal window.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Determine which partition contains the / file system for
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your GNU/Linux distribution.
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</para>
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<para>
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Use GParted to list the partitions on your disk device.
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Look for a partition that contains your GNU/Linux / file
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system. This Linux partition will likely use a file
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system such as ext2, ext3, ext4, or btrfs.
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</para>
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<note>
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<para>
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If the / partition is on LVM then the Logical Volume
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Manager must be active. LVM can be started with the
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command:
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>vgchange</command> -a y</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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With LVM, the equivalent of a disk partition is a
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Logical Volume. Logical Volumes can be listed with
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the command:
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>lvscan</command></screen>
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</para>
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</note>
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<note>
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<para>
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If the / partition is on RAID, then the RAID must be
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active. Linux Software RAID can be started with the
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command:
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>mdadm</command> --assemble --scan</screen>
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</para>
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</note>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Create a mount point directory by entering (as root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>mkdir</command> /tmp/mydir</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Mount the / partition on the mount point directory. For
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example assume the / file system is contained in the
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/dev/sda5 partition. Enter (as root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda5</replaceable> /tmp/mydir</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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If you have a separate /boot partition, for example at
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/dev/sda3, then an extra step is required. Mount the
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/boot partition at /tmp/mydir/boot by entering (as
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root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda3</replaceable> /tmp/mydir/boot</screen>
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</para>
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<note>
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<para>
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If you do not know whether you have a separate boot
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partition then you probably do not and can ignore this
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step.
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</para>
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</note>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Prepare to change the root environment by entering (as
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root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> --bind /dev /tmp/mydir/dev</screen>
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> --bind /proc /tmp/mydir/proc</screen>
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>mount</command> --bind /sys /tmp/mydir/sys</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Change the root environment by entering (as root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>chroot</command> /tmp/mydir</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Reinstall GRUB 2 on the boot device. Note that the
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device name is used and not the partition name. For
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example, if the / partition is /dev/sda5 then the device
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is /dev/sda.
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</para>
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<para>
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For Debian, Ubuntu, and other offshoot GNU/Linux
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distributions, enter the command (as root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>grub-install</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda</replaceable></screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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For CentOS, Fedora, openSUSE and other offshoot
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GNU/Linux distributions, enter the command (as root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>grub2-install</command> <replaceable>/dev/sda</replaceable></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Exit the chroot environment by entering (as root):
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>exit</command></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Reboot your computer.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<!-- ============= To Restore GRUB Legacy ============================ -->
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<sect3 id="gparted-restore-grub-legacy">
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<title>Restoring GRUB Legacy Boot Loader</title>
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<para>
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Use the following steps to restore the GRUB Legacy boot
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loader:
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Start the <application>grub</application> application
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from the command line (as root).
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<screen><prompt># </prompt><command>grub</command></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Find where <application>grub</application> stage1 is
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located by using one of the following:
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</para>
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<para>
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If the /boot folder is stored in the / partition,
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use the command:
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt><command>find</command> /boot/grub/stage1</screen>
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If the /boot folder is stored in a partition
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different than the / partition, use the command:
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt><command>find</command> /grub/stage1</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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The output from the <command>find</command> command
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might look like the following:
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<screen><computeroutput> <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></computeroutput></screen>
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If more than one line is listed in the command output,
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you will need to decide which device you use for
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<application>grub</application>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Set the <application>grub</application> root device by
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specifying the device returned by the
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<command>find</command> command.
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt>root <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Reinstall <application>grub</application> by specifying
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the device returned by the <command>find</command>
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command.
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt>setup <replaceable>(hd0,0)</replaceable></screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Exit <application>grub</application>.
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<screen><prompt>grub> </prompt>quit</screen>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Reboot your computer.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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<!-- ============= End of Fixing Operating System Boot Problems ====== -->
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