Auth Chain Difference Algorithm

The auth chain difference algorithm is used by V2 state resolution, where a naive implementation can be a significant source of CPU and DB usage.

Definitions

A state set is a set of state events; e.g. the input of a state resolution algorithm is a collection of state sets.

The auth chain of a set of events are all the events' auth events and their auth events, recursively (i.e. the events reachable by walking the graph induced by an event's auth events links).

The auth chain difference of a collection of state sets is the union minus the intersection of the sets of auth chains corresponding to the state sets, i.e an event is in the auth chain difference if it is reachable by walking the auth event graph from at least one of the state sets but not from all of the state sets.

Breadth First Walk Algorithm

A way of calculating the auth chain difference without calculating the full auth chains for each state set is to do a parallel breadth first walk (ordered by depth) of each state set's auth chain. By tracking which events are reachable from each state set we can finish early if every pending event is reachable from every state set.

This can work well for state sets that have a small auth chain difference, but can be very inefficient for larger differences. However, this algorithm is still used if we don't have a chain cover index for the room (e.g. because we're in the process of indexing it).

Chain Cover Index

Synapse computes auth chain differences by pre-computing a "chain cover" index for the auth chain in a room, allowing us to efficiently make reachability queries like "is event A in the auth chain of event B?". We could do this with an index that tracks all pairs (A, B) such that A is in the auth chain of B. However, this would be prohibitively large, scaling poorly as the room accumulates more state events.

Instead, we break down the graph into chains. A chain is a subset of a DAG with the following property: for any pair of events E and F in the chain, the chain contains a path E -> F or a path F -> E. This forces a chain to be linear (without forks), e.g. E -> F -> G -> ... -> H. Each event in the chain is given a sequence number local to that chain. The oldest event E in the chain has sequence number 1. If E has a child F in the chain, then F has sequence number 2. If E has a grandchild G in the chain, then G has sequence number 3; and so on.

Synapse ensures that each persisted event belongs to exactly one chain, and tracks how the chains are connected to one another. This allows us to efficiently answer reachability queries. Doing so uses less storage than tracking reachability on an event-by-event basis, particularly when we have fewer and longer chains. See

Jagadish, H. (1990). A compression technique to materialize transitive closure. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), 15*(4)*, 558-598.

for the original idea or

Y. Chen, Y. Chen, An efficient algorithm for answering graph reachability queries, in: 2008 IEEE 24th International Conference on Data Engineering, April 2008, pp. 893–902. (PDF available via Google Scholar.)

for a more modern take.

In practical terms, the chain cover assigns every event a chain ID and sequence number (e.g. (5,3)), and maintains a map of links between events in chains (e.g. (5,3) -> (2,4)) such that A is reachable by B (i.e. A is in the auth chain of B) if and only if either:

1. A and B have the same chain ID and A's sequence number is less than B's sequence number; or
2. there is a link L between B's chain ID and A's chain ID such that L.start_seq_no <= B.seq_no and A.seq_no <= L.end_seq_no.

There are actually two potential implementations, one where we store links from each chain to every other reachable chain (the transitive closure of the links graph), and one where we remove redundant links (the transitive reduction of the links graph) e.g. if we have chains C3 -> C2 -> C1 then the link C3 -> C1 would not be stored. Synapse uses the former implementation so that it doesn't need to recurse to test reachability between chains. This trades-off extra storage in order to save CPU cycles and DB queries.

Example

An example auth graph would look like the following, where chains have been formed based on type/state_key and are denoted by colour and are labelled with (chain ID, sequence number). Links are denoted by the arrows (links in grey are those that would be remove in the second implementation described above).

Note that we don't include all links between events and their auth events, as most of those links would be redundant. For example, all events point to the create event, but each chain only needs the one link from it's base to the create event.

Using the Index

This index can be used to calculate the auth chain difference of the state sets by looking at the chain ID and sequence numbers reachable from each state set:

1. For every state set lookup the chain ID/sequence numbers of each state event
2. Use the index to find all chains and the maximum sequence number reachable from each state set.
3. The auth chain difference is then all events in each chain that have sequence numbers between the maximum sequence number reachable from any state set and the minimum reachable by all state sets (if any).

Note that steps 2 is effectively calculating the auth chain for each state set (in terms of chain IDs and sequence numbers), and step 3 is calculating the difference between the union and intersection of the auth chains.

Worked Example

For example, given the above graph, we can calculate the difference between state sets consisting of:

1. S1: Alice's invite (4,1) and Bob's second join (2,2); and
2. S2: Alice's second join (4,3) and Bob's first join (2,1).

Using the index we see that the following auth chains are reachable from each state set:

1. S1: (1,1), (2,2), (3,1) & (4,1)
2. S2: (1,1), (2,1), (3,2) & (4,3)

And so, for each the ranges that are in the auth chain difference:

1. Chain 1: None, (since everything can reach the create event).
2. Chain 2: The range (1, 2] (i.e. just 2), as 1 is reachable by all state sets and the maximum reachable is 2 (corresponding to Bob's second join).
3. Chain 3: Similarly the range (1, 2] (corresponding to the second power level).
4. Chain 4: The range (1, 3] (corresponding to both of Alice's joins).

So the final result is: Bob's second join (2,2), the second power level (3,2) and both of Alice's joins (4,2) & (4,3).